İnsanoğlu, neolitik dönemden itibaren yerleşik düzene geçmesiyle
birlikte yaşadığı doğal çevrede bulunan fiziksel ortamlarda sosyal hayat
anlayışını, bakış açısını, inandığı değerleri, edindiği tecrübeleri ve içinde
bulunduğu toplumun sosyo-kültürel yapısını yansıtan eserler
oluşturmuştur/oluşturmaktadır. Tarihsel ve kültürel çevrelerde bulunan bu
eserler; ekonomik, siyasal ve sosyal nedenlerden dolayı bulundukları
yerlerden çalınmış/çalınmakta, zarar görmüş/görmekte ve yok
edilmiş/edilmektedir. Geçmiş uygarlıklara ve medeniyetlere ait eserlerin
bulunduğu çevrelerin korunmasına ilişkin girişimlerin çok eski dönemlere
dayandığı bilinmektedir. 18. ve 19. yüzyılda Avrupa’da meydana gelen
sanayi devrimi, 16. yüzyıldan itibaren nüfusun artması ile birlikte içinde
tarihsel ve kültürel çevrelerin tahrip edildiği doğal çevrede plansız ve
sürdürülebilir olmayan kentleşme anlayışının doğmasına neden olmuştur.
Rant düşüncesiyle teknolojinin imkanlarından faydalanılarak doğal ve
kültürel çevre ile yapılan mücadelenin/savaşın galibinin insan olduğu
algılansa bile kaybedenin yaşanılan hayatın topluma bıraktığı izler ve yine
insanın kendisinin olduğu bir gerçektir. 20. yüzyıl tarihsel ve kültürel
çevrelerin korunması olgusunun farkındalığının kavranması ve bu olguya
ilişkin kuramsal temellerin atılması açısından önemli bir zaman dilimidir.
Bu zaman diliminde bilimsel olarak koruma ve korunma yaklaşımlarını içeren teoriden pratiğe yönelik ulusal/uluslararası çalışma ve hukuksal
düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Tarihsel ve kültürel çevrede bulunan eserlere
karşı artan suçların önlenmesine yönelik suç öncesi ve sonrası mücadele
yöntemleri geliştirilmiştir/geliştirilmektedir. Bu çevrelerin korunması ile
eski eserlere karşı işlenen suçlarla mücadele eden kamu kurumları, kamu
görevlileri ile mücadele yöntemleri dünyanın değişik ülkelerinde
benzerlikler göstermektedir. Tarihsel ve kültürel çevrenin korunması
bakımından akdenizin güçlü ve köklü ülkeleri arasında bulunan ve birçok
medeniyete ev sahipliği yapan Türkiye ve İtalya’da kolluğun görev ve
yetkileri bu çalışmada karşılaştırmalı olarak tartışılmaktadır.
Humankind has always been creating artifacts which reflect the
socio-cultural structure of the society he is living in, his understanding of
social life, his perspective and the understanding of social life, his
experience and values in his physical environments of the nature since he
settled in the Neolithic period. These artifacts in the historical and cultural
environments have been stolen, damaged or destroyed due to economic,
political or social reasons and the attempts to protect the artifacts which
belong to ancient civilizations date back to old times. The industrial
revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries led to an unplanned and
unsustainable urbanization approach leading to a destruction of the natural
environment which started with the population increase in the 16th
century. While the winner of the fight/war against the natural/cultural
environment is thought to be the man who is utilizing the technological
capacities with a view to gaining advantage, the loser is also the man
himself who is actually living the results of this fight. The 20th century is Humankind has always been creating artifacts which reflect the
socio-cultural structure of the society he is living in, his understanding of
social life, his perspective and the understanding of social life, his
experience and values in his physical environments of the nature since he
settled in the Neolithic period. These artifacts in the historical and cultural
environments have been stolen, damaged or destroyed due to economic,
political or social reasons and the attempts to protect the artifacts which
belong to ancient civilizations date back to old times. The industrial
revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries led to an unplanned and
unsustainable urbanization approach leading to a destruction of the natural
environment which started with the population increase in the 16th
century. While the winner of the fight/war against the natural/cultural
environment is thought to be the man who is utilizing the technological
capacities with a view to gaining advantage, the loser is also the man
himself who is actually living the results of this fight. The 20th century is Humankind has always been creating artifacts which reflect the
socio-cultural structure of the society he is living in, his understanding of
social life, his perspective and the understanding of social life, his
experience and values in his physical environments of the nature since he
settled in the Neolithic period. These artifacts in the historical and cultural
environments have been stolen, damaged or destroyed due to economic,
political or social reasons and the attempts to protect the artifacts which
belong to ancient civilizations date back to old times. The industrial
revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries led to an unplanned and
unsustainable urbanization approach leading to a destruction of the natural
environment which started with the population increase in the 16th
century. While the winner of the fight/war against the natural/cultural
environment is thought to be the man who is utilizing the technological
capacities with a view to gaining advantage, the loser is also the man
himself who is actually living the results of this fight. The 20th century is Humankind has always been creating artifacts which reflect the
socio-cultural structure of the society he is living in, his understanding of
social life, his perspective and the understanding of social life, his
experience and values in his physical environments of the nature since he
settled in the Neolithic period. These artifacts in the historical and cultural
environments have been stolen, damaged or destroyed due to economic,
political or social reasons and the attempts to protect the artifacts which
belong to ancient civilizations date back to old times. The industrial
revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries led to an unplanned and
unsustainable urbanization approach leading to a destruction of the natural
environment which started with the population increase in the 16th
century. While the winner of the fight/war against the natural/cultural
environment is thought to be the man who is utilizing the technological
capacities with a view to gaining advantage, the loser is also the man
himself who is actually living the results of this fight. The 20th century is an important period of time when the concept for protecting the historical
and cultural environments started to be comprehended and the theoretical
foundation for that was built. In this period national/international studies
were carried out and legislations were made based on the scientific
protection approaches from the theory to the practice. Some measures
have been developed with a view to preventing and fighting the increasing
number of crimes related to the artifacts found in the historical and
cultural environments. The government agencies, officers and the
measures adopted by different countries have some similarities in
countering the crimes against historical artifacts and the protection of the
sites. In this study the duties and authority of the law enforcement will be
discussed comperatively in terms of protection of cultural and historical
environment for Turkey and Italy among the most powerful and deeprooted
Mediterranean countries and hosted many civilizations through out
the history.
