Sürdürülebilir kıyı canlandırmaya ilişkin kavramsal bir ajanda: İstanbul örneği

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın ana teması; “kıyı canlandırma”dır. Liman, tersane, endüstri işlevlerinin kent merkezlerindeki konumlarından çekilmesi sonucu atıl kalan kıyı arazilerinin; ekonomik, toplumsal, çevresel, mekansal, imgesel açılardan yeniden kentin bir parçası haline getirilebilmesi için, yeni işlevler kazandırılarak dönüştürülmesi süreci olarak tanımlanabilecek bu olgu, dünya deneyimlerine kıyasla Türkiye için yeni bir kentsel gündemdir. Türkiye’deki kıyı canlandırma olgusunu, İstanbul Salıpazarı ve Haydarpaşa liman alanlarının işlevsel dönüşüm senaryoları örneğinde ele alan bu makalenin temel tartışma konusunu; söz konusu kıyı canlandırma vizyonlarının salt ekonomik amaçlı işlevlerin gelişimi üzerine odaklanması oluşturmaktadır. İdealde, farklı çıkarların çatıştığı uzun-soluklu bir kıyı canlandırma sürecinde, çeşitli kurumlar arasında eş-güdüm sağlayacak ve çok aktörlü bir katılıma olanak verecek bir yeniden-geliştirme örgütlenme birimi oluşturularak; ekonomik, ekolojik, toplumsal yararları dengeleyebilen sürdürülebilir bir canlandırma çalışması yaratma vizyonuna, görüşüne dayanan bu çalışmanın çıkış noktası; İstanbul’da tartışmalı bir kent gündemi yaratan bu temel mesele olmuştur. Bu bağlamda, niteliksel araştırma yöntem türleri ve araçları kullanılarak, sürdürülebilir bir kıyı canlandırmanın ajandasını oluşturan anahtar konu ve kavramların saptandığı çalışmada; süreci oluşturan aşamalardan vizyon ve hedeflere, örgütlenmeye, kamusal mekan üretimine ilişkin bir temel ilkeler seti oluşturulmuştur. Geliştirilen bu kavramsal çerçeve; Türkiye’de kıyıda kamusal mekanlar yaratabilmenin lehine bir kıyı canlandırma sürecini, kendi yerel süzgecinden geçirerek örgütleyebilmek için gerekli temel bileşenleri ortaya koymakta ve Türk liman kentlerindeki olası kıyı canlandırma çalışmalarına ışık tutacak ölçütler sunan kılavuz bir kaynak sağlamaktadır.

The main theme of this study is the waterfront revitalization which emerged firstly the main industrial cities of Europe and North America and then has became the global phenomenon all over the world, evolving in the fifty years up to now. Waterfront revitalization can be defined as the transformation of urban lands, confronted decay and decline due to the retreat period of the industry from downtown waterfronts, in terms of economical, ecological, social, spatial, cultural aspects by bringing new functions to be able to become a part of the city again. That is, waterfront revitalization is basically the process of re-producing the social and physical relationship between the water and the city, which had been traditionally existed but then interrupted by industrial uses for a long time, as a way of being renewed by the necessities of the era. The general tendency of the projects realized all over the world is to revitalize the waterfront by bringing mixed uses which combine residential, commercial, business, and recreational areas. Generally, the catalyst of the projects offering mixed uses is the production of public spaces along the waterfront, making this interface be the main destination of the city for all citizens again. Although, there are extreme cases in which one of these functions dominance others, it is generally accepted that the projects which realize sustainability by balancing the economical, ecological, social benefits are regarded as successful waterfront revitalization projects. In realized projects all over the world, it can be observed that local governments establishing the re-development organization unit which can enable participation of several actors by coordinating public and private institutions, non-governmental organizations, and academia have achieved the successful waterfront projects. In this point of view, it is approached to the subject within the framework of two fundamental issues. Firstly, the waterfront areas became marketing object in the competing cities of global world to advertise themselves, causing revitalization projects to be marketing tools. Thus, the production of projects based on economical benefits are to be the case, shunting the social and environmental aspects. Secondly, in spite of realized different cities, the usage of the organization models of successful pioneering revitalization projects by city authorities have led to the standardization of waterfronts all over the world, bringing the concepts of placelessness and lack of identity. This issue of fact causes disregarding the local characteristics of a waterfront from others in the context of geography and culture in revitalization schemes. In comparison with the developments and experiences all over the world, Turkey has been newly confronting with waterfront revitalization phenomenon. Beginning from the 2000’s, with the necessity of the functional transformation of port zones situated at the old city center, namely the “Salıpazarı” and “Haydarpaşa”, waterfront re-development has been put on the agenda of Istanbul, leading to considerably controversial process still continuing at the present day. Due to the privatization of these public properties owned by central government; the re-organization of waterfront zones with residential, business, hotel, cruise port functions which will be developed solely with economical purposes; and thus, the local authority’s out-of-service to produce any policy and program, the transformation of these port zones became the focus of sharp reactions, objections, and legal struggles by public opinion, academical, non-governmental, and professional organizations. The starting point of the article is this issue existing in Istanbul cases. In this context, within the scope of this study, it is aimed to determine key concepts necessarily included in the agenda of a sustainable waterfront revitalization scheme, regarding and balancing the economical, environmental, social benefits. These key concepts have been developed by having coded through integrating the qualitative datas, informations, findings obtained from relevant literature and case study analyses, using an inductive reasoning; then have been expressed in the form of fundamental principles. Refering this theoretical and conceptual framework, revitalization scenarios of Salıpazarı and Haydarpaşa port zones have been evaluated. In the final section, the reasons which prevent experiencing an ideal waterfront revitalization in Turkey and the proposals developed by evolving out of these reasons are expressed in general terms. In this way, drawing upon learnings from these world experiences, this study displays components needed for the organization of waterfront revitalization process in Turkish port cities, providing a guiding source which will light the way for further revitalization schemes.