Mekersi, MounaFerkhi, MosbahKhaled, AmmarMaouche, NaimaFoudia, MalikaSavan, Ebru Kuyumcu2026-04-042026-04-0420242468-0230https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2024.104941https://hdl.handle.net/11616/109422Drug biomonitoring using developed modified sensors, especially with recent electrochemical techniques, is considered an essential step and plays a significant role in the good detection of several drugs in biofluids, minimizing the damages resulting from their overdoses. This work is based on the detection of three important drugs such as paracetamol (PCM), sulpiride (Sulp), and bromhexine hydrochloride (Brh-HCl) with different pharmaceutical families. A specific sensor was fabricated called the carbon paste electrode (CPE) based on Ca 0.7 La 0.3 Fe 0.3 Ni 0.7 O 3 (CLFN) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by a citrate method and modified with black carbon (BC). A low-cost, highly sensitive BC/CLFN NPs/CPE sensor was prepared for the simultaneous determination of the three drugs using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Physicochemical characterization was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The calculated crystallite size using the Debye-Scherer equation was 237.08 nm by XRD, while the nanoparticles grain size was 60.27 nm extracted from SEM surface images. As a result, the developed sensor demonstrates a high response and sensitivity towards PCM, Sulp, and Brh-HCl molecules compared to literature with excellent and low detection limits of 0.36 mu M, 0.042 mu M, and 2.88 mu M for PCM, 0.073 mu M, 0.12 mu M, 15.45 mu M for Sulp, and 0.407 mu M, 0.17 mu M, 7.82 mu M for Brh-HCl drug by CV, DPV and SWV techniques, respectively. High sensitivities of 6588.07, 149.73, and 83.35 mu A. mu M- 1 .cm- 2 for PCM, Sulp, and Brh by CV technique, respectively with wide linear range from 0.01 mu M to 180 mu M for PCM, from 0.1 mu M to 160 mu M for Sulp, and from 0.5 mu M to 240 mu M for Brh by DPV technique. Additionally, the modified CLFN NPs/BC/CPE sensor demonstrated excellent results in real pharmaceutical samples for all three drugs. The reported results include very good recoveries of 104.21 %, 98.68 %, and 95.50 %, and excellent relative standard deviations of 1.18 %, 1.52 %, and 2.84 %, respectively.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessSensorsParacetamolSulpirideBromhexine hydrochlorideDifferential pulse voltammetryCarbon paste electrodeArticle5310.1016/j.surfin.2024.1049412-s2.0-85202496709Q1WOS:001303767300001Q10000-0002-8851-0907