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Öğe Approaches based on cholinergic hypothesis and cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease(Bentham Science Publishers, 2019) Özdemir Z.; Özçelik A.-B.; Uysal M.Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease which deteriorates a person's ability to perform daily activities, leading to various neuropsychiatric symptoms and behavioral disorders in later stages of the disease. The pathophysiology of AD is complex. Biochemical studies indicate that some neuromediator levels, especially acetylcholine, are reduced in the brain cortex. Loss of neurons and axons associated with the onset of the disease causes lower levels of acetylcholine release and it is more difficult to maintain the continuity of nerve conduction in low concentration neurotransmitter levels. This has led to the introduction of a “cholinergic hypothesis” that emphasizes the importance of acetylcholine deficiency in the development of the symptoms of the disease. As the (AChE) and (BChE) enzymes from the serine hydrolases which perform the hydrolysis process of acetylcholine (ACh), the inhibition of these enzymes is an important method of raising the level of acetylcholine. Studies indicate that increases in acetylcholine levels due to acetylcholine esterase inhibition may improve cognitive impairment in the early stages of AD. © 2019 Bentham Science Publishers.Öğe The effect of the intercondylar notch width index on anterior cruciate ligament injuries: A study on groups with unilateral and bilateral ACL injury(ARSMB-KVBMG, 2015) Görmeli C.A.; Özdemir Z.; Kahraman A.S.; Yildirim O.; Görmeli G.; Öztürk B.Y.; Gözükara H.Background: To evaluate the relationship of the intercondylar notch width with unilateral and bilateral ACL injury by using MR images. Materials and Methods: The intercondylar notch width index was measured on the MR images of 18 patients with a bilateral ACL injury, 38 patients with a unilateral ACL injury and 53 healthy subjects with a normal ACL and the results of all groups were compared with each other. Results: The mean NWI values were 0,227 (± 0.008) in bilateral injured; 0,245 (± 0.009) in unilateral injured and 0,272 (± 0.01) in control groups and 0,251(± 0.01) in unaffected side of the unilateral group. There were statistically significant differences in intercondylar notch width index (NWI) values between all groups and there was a significant difference between the affected and the unaffected sides in group with unilateral ACL injury. A cutoff value of 0.25 for NWI gave an odds ratio of 26.5 for bilateral and 3.23 for unilateral ACL injuries. Conclusions: The finding that NWI is significantly narrowed in patients with bilateral and unilateral ACL tears compared with the healthy controls suggest a relationship between a narrow NWI and an increased risk of ACL injury. The patients with a narrow NWI should also be screened contralaterally for assessment of ACL injury risk on the other knee. So, specialized training programmes for the people with narrow NWI can be prepared for preventing ACL injuries. © 2015, Acta Orthopædica Belgica.Öğe The effect of the intercondyler notch width index on anterior cruciate ligament injuries: A study on groups with unilateral and bilateral ACL injury(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014) Görmeli C.A.; Görmeli G.; Öztürk Y.B.; Özdemir Z.; Kahraman A.Objectives: To evaluate the relationship of the intercondylar notch width with unilateral and bilateral ACL injury by using MR images. Methods: The intercondylar notch width index was measured on the MR images of 18 patients with a bilateral ACL injury, 38 patients with a unilateral ACL injury and 53 healthy subjects with a normal ACL and the results of all groups were compared with each other. Results: The mean NWI values were 0.227 (±0.008) in bilateral injured; 0.245 (±0.009) in unilateral injured and 0.272 (±0.01) in control groups and 0.251(±0.01) in unaffected side of the unilateral group. There were statistically significant differences in intercondylar notch width index (NWI) values between all groups and there was a significant difference between the affected and the unaffected sides in group with unilateral ACL injury. A cutoff value of 0.25 for NWI gave an odds ratio of 26.5 for bilateral and 3.23 for unilateral ACL injuries. Conclusion: The finding that NWI is significantly narrowed in patients with bilateral and unilateral ACL tears compared with the healthy controls suggest a relationship between a narrow NWI and an increased risk of ACL injury. The patients with a narrow NWI should also be screened contralaterally for assessment of ACL injury risk on the other knee. So, specialized training programmes for the people with narrow NWI can be prepared for preventing ACL injuries. © The Author(s) 2014.Öğe Integrated experimental and theoretical approaches to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the enantioseparation of chiral anticonvulsant and antifungal compounds(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Gambacorta N.; Özdemir Z.; Doğan İ.S.; Ciriaco F.; Zenni Y.N.; Karakurt A.; Saraç S.Previously, some racemic 1-(phenyl/4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-triazole-1-yl)ethanol ester derivatives having a stereogenic center in their structure were synthesized and investigated for their anticonvulsant and antifungal activities. In this work, the direct enantiomeric separations of four compounds (1–4) were developed on the commercially available chiral stationary phase amylose tris(3,5-dimethyphenylcarbamate) (Chiralpak AD) in the normal phase HPLC mode. The influences of the mobile phase composition were also investigated. By mobile phase modified with n-hexane, the retention times were shorter than with methanol. The best results were obtained for all compounds (1–4) using the mobile phase of methanol/n-hexane (80:20 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and the resolutions of the enantiomers were 3.38, 2.84, 1.89, and 1.53, respectively. Thus, the proposed HPLC method can facilitate further chemical and pharmacological studies on compounds 1–4 and their enantiomers. In addition, the molecular mechanism behind the possible chiral recognition was discussed based on the experimental and theoretical results of the enantiomeric separation and molecular dynamics studies. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.Öğe Synthesis and analgesic, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial evaluation of 6-substituted-3(2H)-pyridazinone-2-acetyl-2- (substituted benzal) hydrazone derivatives(Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ankara (FABAD), 2012) Özdemir Z.; Gökçe M.; Karakurt A.In present study a series of new 6-substituted-3(2H)-pyridazinone-2-acetyl-2- (substituted benzal) hydrazone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for analgesic, and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. The structures of these new pyridazinone derivatives were confirmed by their IR, 1H-NMR spectra and elementary analysis. Analgesic activity of new pyridazinone derivatives have been tested by the phenylbenzoquinone-induced writhing test (PBQ test), and anti-inflammatory activity have been evaluated the carragenan-induced paw edema method. A significant dependence of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects on the substituents has been observed. The pharmacological study of these compounds confirms that modification of the atom or chemical group at phenyl ring of benzalhydrazon moiety influences analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Synthesized compounds have been shown moderate antimicrobial activities.