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    An Evaluation of the Effects of Two Chronic Immobilization Stress Protocols on Depression/AnxietyRelated Behavior in Male Rats
    (2019) Şahin, Zafer; Özkürkçüler, Alpaslan; Koç, Aynur; Solak, Hatice; Özen Koca, Raviye; Çakan, Pınar; Solak Görmüş, Zülfikare Işık; Kutlu, Selim
    Abstract: Objective: The effect of acute and chronic stress models on depression and/or anxiety-like behavior in rodents has been widely studied,but with contradictory results. This may be due to differences in the sex and age of the animals studied or inherent differences in thestress models used. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of two immobilization stress protocols on depression/anxiety-likebehaviors in adult male rats.Materials and Methods: Adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10) comprising: control, immobilization stress-1(45 minutes daily for a period of ten days), and immobilization stress-2 (45 minutes twice a day for a period of ten days). Stress-relatedbehavior was evaluated by means of the open field and forced swim tests. In addition, change in body weight, fasting blood glucose, andserum corticosterone were measured.Results: In the open field test, the percentage of time spent in the central area and mean velocity were significantly lower in theimmobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups as compared to the control group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively).Movement ratios were lower in both immobilization stress groups than in the control group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). In theforced swim test, the duration of swimming, climbing and immobility behavior in both immobilization stress protocols did not differ fromthe control group. Serum corticosterone levels were higher in the immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups than in thecontrol group (p <0.05), but no overt differences were determined in the percentage change in body weight or the fasting blood glucoselevel between the stress protocol groups and the control group (p > 0.05).Conclusion: We may conclude that immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 protocols do not cause depression-like behavior inadult male rats. However, anxiety-like behaviors predominated in both stress protocol groups.