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    Antifungal Azole Derivatives Featuring Naphthalene Prove Potent and Competitive Cholinesterase Inhibitors with Potential CNS Penetration According to the in Vitro and in Silico Studies
    (Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2022) Sari, Suat; Akkaya, Didem; Zengin, Merve; Sabuncuoglu, Suna; Ozdemir, Zeynep; Alagoz, M. Abdullah; Karakurt, Arzu
    Cholinesterase inhibition is of great importance in the fight against neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Azole antifungals have come under the spotlight with recent discoveries that underline the efficacy and potential of miconazole and its derivatives against cholinesterase enzymes. In this study, we evaluated a library of azoles against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase using in vitro and in silico methods to identify potent inhibitors. Low micromolar IC50 values were obtained for imidazole derivatives, which were further tested and found potent competitive cholinesterase inhibitors via enzyme kinetics study. The active derivatives showed negligible toxicity in in vitro cytotoxicity tests. Molecular modeling studies predicted that these derivatives were druglike, could penetrate blood-brain barrier, and tightly bind to cholinesterase active site making key interactions via the imidazole moiety at protonated state. Thus, current study identifies potent and competitive cholinesterase inhibitor azoles with minor toxicity and potential to pass into the central nervous system.
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    Azole derivatives inhibit wildtype butyrylcholinesterase and its common mutants
    (Wiley, 2023) Sari, Suat; Onder, Seda; Akkaya, Didem; Sabuncuoglu, Suna; Zengin, Merve; Barut, Burak; Karakurt, Arzu
    Azoles, which have been used for antifungal chemotherapy for decades, have recently been of interest for their efficacy against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). There is little known about the potential of azoles against BChE, however there is none regarding their inhibitory effects against mutants of BChE. In the current study, an azole library of 1-aryl-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethanol/ethanone oxime esters were tested against AChE and BChE, which yielded derivates more potent than the positive control, galantamine, against both isoforms. Kinetic analyses were performed for wildtype and mutant (A328F and A328Y) inhibition for the two most potent BChE inhibitors, pivalic and 3-bezoylpropanoic acid esters of 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(2-naphthyl)ethanol, which were found to have great affinity to the wildtype and mutant BChE types with K-i values as low as 0.173 +/- 0.012 mu M. The compounds were identified to show linear competitive or mixed type inhibition. Molecular modeling confirmed these kinetic data and provided further insights regarding molecular basis of BChE inhibition by the active derivatives. Thus, current study suggests new azole derivatives with promising cholinesterase inhibitory effects and reveals the first set of information to promote our understanding for the inhibitory behavior of this class against the mutant BChE forms.
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    Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Some Benzothiazolone Derivatives as Cholinesterase Inhibitors
    (Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2022) Alagoz, Mehmet Abdullah; Akkaya, Didem; Arslan, Gulnur; Uludag, Berk; Ozdemir, Zeynep; Barut, Burak; Onkol, Tijen
    In this study, nine new benzothiazolone derivatives (6 a-i) were designed and synthesized to identify potent cholinesterase inhibitors. The compounds were tested in vitro against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and found to be selective to BChE. Compound 6 f proved the most potent derivative (IC50=12.25 +/- 0.23 mu M) against BChE and was identified as a mixed-type inhibitor with a K-i value of 4.45 +/- 0.35 mu M according to the kinetic studies. Molecular modelling suggested that the derivatives were druglike and non-PAINS. Compound 6 f showed good fit in BChE active site interacting with the key sites important for enzyme activity according to the molecular docking study.