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    Age-related differences in the effect of vitamin D on scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment
    (2021) Karabulut, Medine; Baykan, Ozgur; Aksoz, Elif
    Aim: Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia. The number of patients with Alzheimer's is expected to reach 115 million in 2050. Due to the low effectiveness and frequent adverse effects of current treatment approaches, expected results cannot be obtained in treatment. Vitamin D supplements are reported to have protective effects against Alzheimer's disease by increasing learning and memory performance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin D on learning and memory on cognitive deficits by scopolamine-induced memory impairment model, which is an animal model of AD, in aged rats, as well as evaluating whether the effect changes with age. Materials and Methods: Wistar Albino male rats (Young: 4-5 months old, Aged: 21-22 months old) were used in the study. Vitamin D was given for three weeks at 500 IU/kg; scopolamine was applied 1mg/kg half an hour before behavioral experiments. Modified elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests was performed to assess cognitive abilities during the fourth week; prefrontal cortices were then removed to assess acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity.Results: Vitamin D administration restored memory impairment in old rats in the Morris water maze; whereas there was no effect in young group. Scopolamine significantly increased the brain prefrontal cortex AchE enzyme activity only in the young rats. Vitamin D did not create a statistically significant change in AChE activity in young rats. on the other hand, a significant increase was detected in the elderly group with vitamin D compared to the age-matched control and scopolamine groups.Conclusion: Our results show that the effectiveness of vitamin D changes with age. Vitamin D may be a safe and effective option in preventing dementia development in the elderly group and improving cognitive dysfunction due to Alzheimer's disease.
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    The Effects of Nicardipine on Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Function in Aged Rats Following Abdominal Surgery
    (Mdpi, 2025) Kocaoglu, Nazan; Demir, Hafize Fisun; Ugun, Fatih; Aksoz, Elif; Atik, Bulent; Bicakcioglu, Murat; Sagir, Ozlem
    Background/Objectives: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a serious complication of anaesthesia/surgery. The present study investigated the effects of nicardipine-a calcium channel blocker-on neuroinflammation and POCD in rats. Methods: Following ethical approval, 30 Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: control (Group C), surgery (Group S), and surgery and nicardipine (a single intraperitoneal dose of 5 mg/kg nicardipine) (Group N). Cognitive function was assessed 48 h postoperatively using the MWM test. The rats were sacrificed on the 5th day, and hippocampi were isolated and frozen at -80 degrees C on the same d ay. Hippocampal tissues were homogenised; ELISA and Western blot tests were performed to assess IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and caspase-3. Results: All groups showed a significant decrease in the time required to locate the hidden platform from day 1 to day 4. In the probe trial of the Morris water maze test, Group C spent more time in the target quadrant compared with Group S, indicating surgery-related cognitive impairment. The ELISA and Western blot analyses demonstrated that the hippocampal levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and caspase-3 were significantly elevated in both Groups S and N compared with the controls. No statistically significant differences were observed between Groups S and N, indicating that the measured cognitive performance and hippocampal inflammatory responses were comparable between these groups. Conclusions: This study showed that a single intraperitoneal dose of 5 mg/kg of nicardipine did not measurably improve early postoperative cognitive performance or reduce hippocampal inflammation. In particular, nicardipine did not have a detectable effect on early postoperative neuroinflammation or cognition at the tested dose and timing in this rat model. Further studies exploring different doses and timing or repeated administration would help to clarify its potential role.