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    Analyzing the differential effects of COVID-19 on export flows: a focus on customs procedures
    (Springer, 2024) Derindag, Omer Faruk; Yasar, Zaim Reha; Aslan, Caglayan; Parmaksiz, Salih
    COVID-19 has not only dramatically affected the ordinary course of social life, but also caused an idiosyncratic downturn in the global economy and created multidimensional effects on international trade and Cross-Border E-Commerce merchandise flows. This paper provides unique empirical evidence of how the consequences of the pandemic have distinctively diverged on conventional and simplified customs clearance, which includes Cross-Border E-Commerce orders, differed significantly. The Difference-in-differences (DiD) and Causal Inference estimates for the 2019:01-2021:06 interval suggest that simplified customs clearance shows more resilience to COVID-19 effects relative to conventional customs clearance and reduces the negative impact of COVID-19 influences on export performance in the case of Turkey. The fundamental outcomes remain consistent when the sample includes emerging markets and when the analysis employs the export of consumer goods as opposed to total exports in the conventional mode. Overall, the findings highlight the significant role of E-Commerce and simplified customs processes in enhancing export performance.
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    Effects of cross-border E-commerce customs declaration ceiling increase on export performance under COVID-19 conditions
    (Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2023) Aslan, Caglayan; Derindag, Omer Faruk; Parmaksiz, Salih
    PurposeThis study examines the impact of raising the ceiling value of Electronic Commerce Custom Declarations (ECCD) on Turkey's export performance processed via ECCD during the COVID-19 period.Design/methodology/approachThis paper examines the impact of the pandemic conditions on Cross-Border Electronic Commerce (ECCD) exports from Turkey to 47 countries over 42 months before and during the pandemic. An empirical analysis using the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Mean Group (MG), Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach was conducted to identify the factors affecting export flows.FindingsThe findings suggest that raising the ceiling of the ECCD trade is a vital factor in increasing exports. and this result is robust after controlling for pandemic conditions. On the other hand, although the COVID-19 shock mitigates the export volume of ECCD in the short run, it changes by reversal and increases the export level in the long run. Additionally, the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Turkey have a significant and negative impact on export flows in the short run, while they have a positive and significant effect in the long run.Practical implicationsThe results of this study have practical implications for policymakers, emphasizing the potential and significance of Cross-Border E-Commerce (CBEC) trade.Originality/valueThe study is a pioneering effort in the literature of CBEC to explore how changes in the upper limit on customs declarations can affect export flows, taking into account the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.