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    Assessment of the vulnerability of the proximal tibiofibular joint to injury during osteotomies
    (2006) Esenkaya I.; Elmali N.; Kaygusuz M.A.; Misirlio?lu M.; Atasever A.
    OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the dimensions and anatomic localization of the proximal tibiofibular joint (PTFJ) in human cadaver and amputated knees. In addition, we assessed the relation between the osteotomy line and the PTFJ and its vulnerability to injury on radiographs of patients after proximal tibial medial open wedge osteotomy (PT-MOWO). METHODS: In the first phase, dimensions of the tibial part of the PTFJ lying between the lateral tibial condyle and the fibular head were measured by digital calipers in six human cadaver and six fresh amputed tibiae (4 females, 8 males; mean age 57 years) to evaluate the relation between the tibial surface of the PTFJ and the posterior part of the lateral tibial plateau. In the second phase, anteroposterior, lateral, and medial oblique radiographs were assessed with respect to the relation of the osteotomies with the PTFJ following PT-MOWO in 46 knees of 44 consecutive patients (38 females, 6 males; mean age 51 years). RESULTS: On cadaver and fresh amputation materials, the mean long and short axis dimensions of the ellipsoidal articular surface of the PTFJ in the posterolateral aspect of the tibial plateau measured 18.8 mm (range 13 mm to 20 mm) and 14.9 mm (13 mm-17 mm), respectively. The upper articular border lied at a mean of 6.3 mm (2 mm to 11 mm) distal to the posterior border of the articular surface of the lateral tibial plateau. Medial oblique radiographs showed that the osteotomy line extended to the PTFJ in cases in which it was proximally located, particularly in three cases (6.5%) where lateral cortex continuity was interrupted. CONCLUSION: The osteotomy line may encroach upon the PTFJ unless preoperative oblique radiographs are evaluated and a parallel course to the tibial slope of the lateral tibial plateau is followed. In addition, insufficient evaluation of PT-MOWO candidates may result in damage to the lateral cortex, which increases the risk for injury to the PTFJ.
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    The organization of the somatic cell nuclei within the oculomotor nuclear complex in rats
    (2002) Aktekin M.; Aldur M.M.; Bayramoglu A.; Atasever A.; Ozturk A.H.; Basar R.
    Although there is detailed knowledge on the organization of the motor neurons supplying the extraocular muscles, there are still some discrepancies concerning the results of different studies. This study is planned to reexamine the distribution of the motor neurons in the oculomotor nucleus of the rat. In the present study we used 20 young adult Sprague-Dawley rats in four groups which represent four extraocular muscle groups innervated by oculomotor nerve, namely medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus and inferior oblique muscle groups. For each rat 1-2 ?l of 30% Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) is used as a tracer. Multiple injections were made to fully infiltrate the individual muscles. After determining the position of the medial rectus subgroup, injections were applied into more than one muscle in a single experiment in order to decide the proper localization of the motor neuron subgroups in relation to each other. For each of the muscle groups five rats were injected with HRP. The rostral end of the nucleus begins with a compact neuron group belonging to medial rectus subgroup. However, at the caudal end the neurons were scattered in a wider area gradually decreasing in number. Neurons innervating the medial rectus muscle were located ipsilaterally within the ventral and ventrolateral portions of the nucleus extending throghout its rostrocaudal length. Motoneurons belonging to the inferior rectus subgroup were observed ipsilaterally within the gap between the median raphe and medial end of the medial rectus subgroup. Motoneurons of the inferior oblique subgroup formed an ovoid cell mass ipsilaterally and slightly dorsal to the medial and inferior rectus subgroups. Neurons of the superior rectus subgroup were localized contralaterally within the caudal two thirds of the nucleus. The neurons of this subgroup were located at the ventral and ventromedial parts of the inferior oblique subgroup and dorsal to the inferior and the medial rectus subgroups. © neuroanatomy.org.