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    Assessing Motor Performance and Ankle Mobility in Pre-Adolescent Male Fencers
    (Mdpi, 2025) Aydin, Yalcin; Tokgoz, Gurkan; Yilmaz, Nurkan; Coskun, Ilgin Ali; Beykumul, Aysegul; Colak, Enes; Aygoren, Caner
    Ankle mobility plays a critical role in dynamic stability and propulsion during fencing-specific actions. However, its relationship to performance metrics in young athletes remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ankle range of motion (ROM), acceleration, and jump height in pre-adolescent male fencers, as well as to examine bilateral differences in ankle mobility between the front and rear foot. Fifteen fencers (age 10.86 +/- 0.91 years) were assessed for ankle ROM (dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion) using a goniometer. Performance tests included a 7 m sprint lunge (acceleration) and countermovement jump. Significantly large correlations were observed between front and rear foot ankle plantar flexion range of motion and both acceleration (r = 0.625-0.628, p < 0.05) as well as vertical jump height (r = 0.579-0.647, p < 0.05). Rear foot ankle plantar flexion range of motion significantly predicted acceleration (r(2) = 0.335, p < 0.05) and jump height (r(2) = 0.418, p < 0.05). In contrast, no meaningful associations were found between dorsiflexion, inversion, or eversion range of motion and performance metrics. Additionally, bilateral comparisons revealed significantly greater dorsiflexion in the front foot ankle and greater eversion in the rear foot ankle (p < 0.05). Plantar flexion ROM is a key contributor to acceleration and jump capacity in youth fencers. Incorporating ankle mobility training may support physical development in this population.
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    Associations Between Pulmonary Function and Muscle Strength in Turkish National Karate Athletes
    (Mdpi, 2025) Tokgoz, Gurkan; Cinarli, Sena; Akyol, Betul; Aygoren, Caner; Beykumul, Aysegul; Larsen, Malte Nejst; Krustrup, Peter
    Background: Respiratory efficiency is considered important in karate due to its role in sustaining muscular performance during high-intensity actions. This study examined the association between pulmonary function and isometric muscle strength in national-level karate athletes. Methods: A total of 23 elite karate athletes (mean age: 23.0 +/- 2.3 (mean +/- SD) years) participated in the study. Pulmonary function was assessed using a digital spirometer, while isometric handgrip, lower back, and leg strength were measured using a dynamometer. The correlation between pulmonary function and isometric strength was analyzed, and linear regression was employed to examine the predictive capacity of pulmonary parameters for muscle strength. Results: The results revealed significant correlations, ranging from large to very large, between pulmonary function and isometric muscle strength, with correlation coefficients from 0.639 to 0.812 (p < 0.01). Pulmonary function was strongly associated with isometric strength, accounting for 27% to 67% of the variance (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that pulmonary function parameters accounted for 71% of the variance in handgrip strength, 47% in leg strength, and 71% in back strength (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings highlight the strong associations between pulmonary function and isometric muscle strength in elite karate athletes. The results emphasize the importance of pulmonary health and respiratory muscle function in athletic performance, particularly for sports requiring high-intensity, dynamic movements like karate. Future longitudinal studies are needed to explore the mechanisms underlying the association and potential implications, and for training and performance optimization.
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    Evaluation of aerobic and anaerobic capacity in pubertal karate athletes: performance analysis and development strategies
    (Bmc, 2025) Korkmaz, Kubranur; Aygoren, Caner; Duzova, Halil
    Background This study investigated the effects of gender's foot arch structure (normal arch vs. pes planus) on aerobic and anaerobic performance in pubertal karate athletes. Method Children with chronic cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases were excluded from the study. Participants included boys with normal foot arches (B-nfa, n = 7), boys with pes planus (B-pp, n = 11), girls with normal foot arches (G-nfa, n = 16), and girls with pes planus (G-pp, n = 11). Aerobic capacity was evaluated using the 6-Minute Walk Test, while anaerobic performance was assessed through the Vertical Jump Test and sprint tests (10 m and 30 m). The height of the foot arch was measured using the Navicular Drop test. Nonparametric data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's post-hoc test to identify significant differences. Parametric data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. Pearson's test was used for parametric correlation, while Spearman's test was used for nonparametric correlation. The significance threshold was set at p < 0.05. Results Individuals in the G-nfa group exhibited higher anaerobic power than those in the G-pp group (p = 0.0452). There was a strong negative correlation between arch pes planus and Spear equations (r = 0.63, p = 0.0004). B-nfa participants performed faster than both B-pp (p = 0.0015) and G-pp (p = 0.0015). The G-nfa completed the 10 m sprint test faster than both B-pp and G-pp (p = 0.0052). B-nfa outperformed G-pp in the 30 m sprint (p = 0.036) and covered greater distances in the six-minute walk test compared to B-pp (p = 0.034) and G-pp (p = 0.002). Conclusion In this study, we concluded that flat feet do not negatively affect the development of aerobic capacity in prepubertal children undergoing professional karate training. Still, they may significantly impact the growth of anaerobic power.
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    Maximal strength, sprint and jump performance in elite kumite karatekas
    (Bmc, 2025) Cinarli, Fahri Safa; Aydogdu, Onur; Aydin, Yalcin; Tokgoz, Gurkan; Kahraman, Abdulselam; Beykumul, Ayseguel; Aygoren, Caner
    Background Both maximal muscle strength and muscle power are independently important for karatekas. However, the relationship between strength and power in elite male kumite karatekas is under researched. This study aimed to determine the relationship between back-leg-chest (BLC) isometric muscle strength with sprint and jump variables in elite male karatekas. Methods Male elite/international level (tier 4) kumite karatekas (n = 14; age, 20.79 +/- 1.67 year; height, 1.77 +/- 0.06 m; weight, 72.21 +/- 5.20 kg) were recruited. BLC strength, sprint and jump values were measured with a dynamometer, a photocell, and an application, respectively. Pearson correlation (trivial r < 0.1; small r < 0.3; moderate r < 0.5; large r < 0.7; very large r < 0.9; nearly perfect/perfect r >= 0.9) and linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship and shared variance between BLC strength, sprint, and jump performance. Results There were large to very large correlations between BLC strength and sprint time (r = - 0.930, p < 0.01), velocity (r = 0.918; p < 0.01), acceleration (r = 0.913; p < 0.01) and running momentum (r = 0.721; p < 0.01). Additionally, BLC strength correlated with jump height (moderate, r = 0.550, p < 0.05), peak anaerobic power (moderate, r = 0.672, p < 0.01) and power to body mass ratio (moderate, r = 0.545, p < 0.05). BLC strength and sprint variables showed an r(2) = 0.52-0.86 (p < 0.01), while BLC strength and jump variables showed an r(2) = 0.29-0.45 (p < 0.05). Conclusions BLC strength is related to jump and sprint performance in male elite karate athletes. This relationship underscores the importance of including strength training that targets BLC muscle strength in training programs for coaches and athletes.