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Öğe Beneath the Waves: Experiences of Beginner SCUBA Divers and Sensorium(Lahore Medical & Dental Coll, 2021) Aygun, Yalin; Norman, GoktugBackground: The experience of Recreational SCUBA Diving (RSD) is unique and exciting because participants can feel innermost and special sensations. Aim: By exploring the role of the senses in RSD This paper seeks to illustrate the complex, kaleidoscopic and inter-relational connections beginner SCUBA divers make with aquatic environment within the sensorium experience for the first time. Methods: The present research draws upon the qualitative inquiry away from the positivist approaches to capture insider views, meanings, and interpretations. Audio-recorded semi-structured interviews with a convenience sample of 12 undergraduate students who had experienced a first-time SCUBA diving through Discover SCUBA Diving (DSD) Program were transcribed and thematically analyzed. A thematic analysis was performed with the Nvivo 11 Plus software package program. Results: Analysis illustrated that both positive and negative emotions are experienced due to (a) Diver Dimension of Marine Wildlife Touching, (b) Diver Dimension of Marine Wildlife Viewing, and (c) Diver Dimension of Marine Wildlife Hearing. Conclusion: The opportunity to experience aquatic environment for the first time during active leisure reflects participants' ability, which offers encouragement, enthusiasm, well-being, and satisfaction. In unravelling the negative diving experience, as experienced by divers, we argue some physical and psychological distress and difficulty arise due to chemical and physical properties of aquatic environment, however.Öğe Bridging Nations Through Sports: The Strategic Role of Sports Diplomacy in Global Relations(IGI Global, 2025) Aygun, YalinThis chapter examines sports diplomacy as part of the twenty- first- century shift from traditional state- centered diplomacy to a multi- actor, multi- level practice spanning culture, economy, communication, and governance. It defines sports diplomacy through its links to soft power and public diplomacy, distinguishing it from broader sport-politics debates and nation branding. Tracing its evolution from the Olympic Truce to Cold War bridge- building and post- Cold War mega- events, the chapter highlights key actors such as states, federations, NGOs, athletes, and corporations. It also addresses issues like sportswashing, governance deficits, and human rights concerns, emphasizing the uneven and often temporary nature of soft power gains. Looking forward, it argues that the credibility of sports diplomacy depends on digital engagement, sustainability, inclusivity, and ethical governance aligned with global development goals. © 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing.Öğe Effectiveness of an 8-Week Game-Based Physical Activity Program in Reducing Post-Traumatic Stress among Children Affected by the 2023 Kahramanmaras Earthquakes(Tech Science Press, 2025) Canpolat, Burak; Norman, Goktug; Gundogdu, Cemal; Tufekci, Fakir; Aygun, Yalin; Akbuga, TaylanObjectives: This study examines the effectiveness of an eight-week game-based physical activity program designed to reduce post-traumatic stress levels in children affected by the Kahramanmara & scedil;-centered earthquakes that occurred in Turkey on 06 February 2023. Following the earthquake, millions of children experienced significant changes in their education and living conditions, adversely affecting their psychological health. Methods: The therapeutic effects of physical activity on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are frequently emphasized in the literature, and this study specifically focuses on the impact of game-based exercises. The research employed an experimental design, involving 80 earthquake-affected children aged 10 to 13, who were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 40) or a control group (n = 40). The experimental group participated in game-based physical activities three times per week for eight weeks, with each session lasting 60 min. Data were collected using the Child Post-Traumatic Stress Reaction Index (CPTS-RI), and pre-test and post-test comparisons were conducted. Results: Children in the experimental group showed a marked reduction in PTSD symptoms, with mean CPTS-RI scores decreasing from 2.60 at pre-test to 1.91 at post-test. In contrast, the control group's scores remained virtually unchanged (2.59 at pre-test vs. 2.57 at post-test). Two-way ANOVA demonstrated significant main effects of group and time, as well as a significant group x time interaction (F = 114.88, p < 0.001, eta(2) = 0.42), indicating that the reduction was attributable to participation in the game-based physical activity program. These findings highlight not only the statistical significance but also the practical relevance of structured, culturally adapted physical activity interventions for trauma-exposed children. Conclusion: These findings suggest that regular, structured game-based physical activities can support the mental health of children following traumatic events such as earthquakes and reduce their stress levels. The study recommends integrating physical activity into post-disaster psychosocial support programs and highlights it as an effective, accessible, and enjoyable method to enhance children's trauma coping skills. Accordingly, it advocates for the wider implementation of physical activity-based interventions in similar crisis situations.Öğe Effects of cooperative learning on students' learning outcomes in physical education: a meta-analysis(Frontiers Media Sa, 2025) Boke, Hulusi; Aygun, Yalin; Tufekci, Sakir; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Canpolat, Burak; Norman, Goktug; Prieto-Gonzalez, PabloThis meta-analysis examines the effect of Cooperative Learning (CL) interventions, compared to traditional instructional methods, on students' learning outcomes across affective, cognitive, physical, and social domains in physical education (PE). The review involved a comprehensive search of 12 databases in English, Spanish, and Turkish, with the last search conducted on June 2nd, 2024. Studies included were true experimental or quasi-experimental designs featuring direct CL interventions in PE, covering students of both genders from primary school to university levels. The standardized Cochrane methods were used to identify eligible records, collect and combine data, and assess the risk of bias. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) v4 software package was used to yield a summary of quantitative results. Hedges's g was used as the effect size (ES) measure, calculated from pre- and post-tests in both experimental and control groups. Forty-three studies (comprising 60 reports) were initially included, but three studies were excluded as outliers, leaving 40 studies (56 reports) with a total of 3.985 participants for analysis. The random effects model revealed a moderate positive overall effect of CL interventions (ES = 0.459, 95% CI = [0.324, 0.592], p < 0.001), indicating that CL enhances PE students' learning across four domains. Subgroup analyses showed small to moderate ESs for affective (ES = 0.304), physical (ES = 0.471), cognitive (ES = 0.589), and social learning (ES = 0.612). Risk of bias was evaluated using Begg and Mazumdar's rank correlation, the classic fail-safe number, and a funnel plot, all indicating a low risk of bias. Methodological quality was assessed using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI). The study was registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024532607). This meta-analysis underscores the effectiveness of CL as a student-centered pedagogical model in PE, demonstrating its positive effect on various learning outcomes in the affective, cognitive, physical, and social domains. The findings provide instructive data and strategies for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers aiming to integrate, implement, or make context-specific adaptations of CL into educational processes, while ESs in the affective, physical, cognitive, and social learning domains provide domain-based implementation guidance for these stakeholders.Öğe Effects of Tactical Game Model on Multidimensional Developmental Domains: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis(Univ La Salle, 2023) Boeke, Hulusi; Aygun, Yalin[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Emotional and Social Outcomes of the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility Model in Physical Education: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis(Mdpi, 2024) Aygun, Yalin; Boke, Hulusi; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Tufekci, Sakir; Murathan, Talha; Gencay, Ertugrul; Prieto-Gonzalez, PabloContext: In today's ever-changing world, fostering personal and social responsibility is essential for building strong and compassionate communities. This study aimed to provide a quantitative synthesis focusing on the emotional and social outcomes of Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) model-based Physical Education (PE) programs. Methods: A comprehensive literature review covering the period from November 2022 to September 2023 identified 637 articles published between 2005 and 2023. Of these, 20 met the inclusion criteria. Data from these articles were coded, and a comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted, incorporating 28 effect sizes. Methodological quality was assessed using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument. Hedge's g served as the effect size measure and emotional and social outcomes subgroups were consolidated. Heterogeneity was evaluated with Cochran's Q and I2. Meta-regression and ANOVA-like models addressed categorical moderators, whereas publication bias was assessed through funnel plot, failsafe number, and Egger's linear regression. Results: A significant and positive effect of the TPSR model on product outcomes (Hedge's g = 0.337, 95% CI = 0.199 to 0.476) was found. Despite considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 83.830), a random effects model was justified. Assessment of publication bias indicated a low likelihood. Moderator analyses revealed that publication countries significantly influenced the effect, with stronger effects in Turkey. Publication type (article vs. thesis) also played roles in moderation. The meta-regression analyses did not reveal significant effects for the grade level, duration of intervention, publication year or sample size on the TPSR model's impact on product outcomes. The TPSR model positively impacts emotional and social outcomes in PE, enhancing children' skills and behaviour. However, variations across cultures highlight the need for further research, considering limitations like language constraints and potential biases in study selection and data extraction.Öğe Exploring the Relationship Between Video Game Engagement and Creative Thinking in Academic Environments: Cross-Sectional Study(Mdpi, 2024) Alwhaibi, Reem M.; Alotaibi, Manar S.; Almutairi, Sara F.; Alkhudhayr, Juri E.; Alanazi, Reema F.; Al Jamil, Haya F.; Aygun, YalinThis study explores the relationship between video game engagement and creative thinking among university students in an academic setting. Utilizing a descriptive cross-sectional qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 university students aged 17-25 years, from various academic disciplines. The sample, predominantly female (57.5%) and aged 22 years (27.5%), provided diverse perspectives on the impact of video games on their academic and creative capabilities. The thematic analysis of the interviews revealed significant insights into how video games may enhance creative problem-solving skills and overall creative thinking in an educational context. The study found that a high percentage of participants (47.5%) had a grade point average (GPA) of 4.0, suggesting a potential link between academic performance and video gaming habits. The results highlight the need for further research into specific game genres and their distinct influences on creativity among different demographics. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on the cognitive benefits of video games and their potential to foster creative skills in higher education environments.Öğe Is environmental enrichment effective in modulating autophagy markers in the brain exposed to adverse conditions? A systematic review(Frontiers Media Sa, 2025) Silva, Clarice Beatriz Goncalves; de Sousa Fernandes, Matheus Santos; Cerqueira, Debora Dantas Nucci; Santos, Gabriela Carvalho Jurema; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Aygun, Yalin; Badicu, GeorgianAutophagy is a key regulator of cellular homeostasis and neuronal survival, particularly under adverse physiological conditions. Environmental enrichment (EE), a non-pharmacological intervention providing enhanced sensory, cognitive, and motor stimulation, may modulate autophagic processes in the brain. This systematic review aimed to synthesize preclinical findings on the effects of EE on autophagy markers in rodent models subjected to diverse adverse conditions. A literature search across PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and embase yielded eight eligible studies meeting inclusion criteria. EE was found to be generally associated with upregulation of key autophagic markers such as Beclin-1, LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, cathepsins, p62, p-TFEB, and LAMP-1 across brain regions including the cortex, hippocampus, and penumbral area. However, reductions in some markers were also observed, indicating that the modulatory effects of EE are context-dependent and may vary with disease model, brain region, or EE protocol duration. These findings suggest that EE holds promise as an adjunctive strategy to modulate autophagy and mitigate neurodegeneration, though heterogeneity in study design and outcomes warrants caution during interpretation. Further mechanistic and sex-specific studies are needed to clarify the therapeutic relevance of EE-induced autophagic modulation.Öğe Leisure and SCUBA diving safety tips during and after COVID-19(Taylor & Francis As, 2020) Aygun, Yalin; Tufekci, SakirThe novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has disrupted travel and scuba diving operations around the world in an unprecedented way. As the impact of the virus spreading and receding from each country evolves, local regulations adapt, creating a patchwork of situations that is hard to stay up to date with. The aim of this study was to bring together safety tips to be followed when pursuing leisure and Recreational SCUBA Diving during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and strengthen divers' commitment to and interest in the underwater world. An interpretive qualitative methodology was deemed appropriate to achieve the study's research objectives. A focus group interview was held via a Google Meet video meeting with eight participants who were both specialist physicians and diving professionals. The analysis turned up four main themes: (1) High Standards in Diving Services and Diving Gear Hygiene, (2) Diving Trip Safety, (3) Diver Training Safety, (4) Social Change for Social Support. COVID-19 is experienced as a life-changing event that shows a kaleidoscopic view of leisure-adventure limitation. We stress that the conceptualization of limitation must be considered due to its service philosophy and sociopolitical aspirations. Thus, creating conceptual and holistic safety protocols for Recreational SCUBA Diving experience can inspire people to discover their passions, to self-realize, to form trust-based relationships with the outside world its actors.Öğe Machine Learning Classification of Cognitive Status in Community-Dwelling Sarcopenic Women: A SHAP-Based Analysis of Physical Activity and Anthropometric Factors(Mdpi, 2025) Gormez, Yasin; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Aygun, Yalin; Alzakari, Sarah A.; Alhussan, Amel Ali; Aghaei, MohammadrezaBackground and Objectives: Sarcopenia, characterized by progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, has increasingly been recognized not only as a physical health concern but also as a potential risk factor for cognitive decline. This study investigates the application of machine learning algorithms to classify cognitive status based on Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores in community-dwelling sarcopenic women. Materials and Methods: A dataset of 67 participants was analyzed, with MMSE scores categorized into severe (<= 17) and mild (>17) cognitive impairment. Eight classification models-MLP, CatBoost, LightGBM, XGBoost, Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting (GB), Logistic Regression (LR), and AdaBoost-were evaluated using a repeated holdout strategy over 100 iterations. Hyperparameter optimization was performed via Bayesian optimization, and model performance was assessed using metrics including weighted F1-score (w_f1), accuracy, precision, recall, PR-AUC, and ROC-AUC. Results: Among the models, CatBoost achieved the highest w_f1 (87.05 +/- 2.85%) and ROC-AUC (90 +/- 5.65%), while AdaBoost and GB showed superior PR-AUC scores (92.49% and 91.88%, respectively), indicating strong performance in handling class imbalance and threshold sensitivity. SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis revealed that moderate physical activity (moderatePA minutes), walking days, and sitting time were among the most influential features, with higher physical activity associated with reduced risk of cognitive impairment. Anthropometric factors such as age, BMI, and weight also contributed significantly. Conclusions: The results highlight the effectiveness of boosting-based models in capturing complex patterns in clinical data and provide interpretable evidence supporting the role of modifiable lifestyle factors in cognitive health. These findings suggest that machine learning, combined with explainable AI, can enhance risk assessment and inform targeted interventions for cognitive decline in older women.Öğe Prediction of obesity levels based on physical activity and eating habits with a machine learning model integrated with explainable artificial intelligence(Frontiers Media Sa, 2025) Gormez, Yasin; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Yagin, Burak; Aygun, Yalin; Boke, Hulusi; Badicu, Georgian; De Sousa Fernandes, Matheus SantosObjectives This study aims to build a machine learning (ML) prediction model integrated with explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to categorize obesity levels from physical activity and dietary patterns. The inclusion of XAI methodologies facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the risk factors influencing the model predictions and thus increases transparency in the identification of obesity risk factors.Methods Six ML models were used: Bernoulli Naive Bayes, CatBoost, Decision Tree, Extra Trees Classifier, Histogram-based Gradient Boosting and Support Vector Machine. For each model, hyperparameters were tuned by random search methodology and model effectiveness was evaluated by repeated holdout testing. SHAP (SHapley Additive Annotations) and LIME (Local Interpretable Model Independent Annotations) interpretability methods were used to generate local and global feature importance measures.Results The CatBoost model exhibited the highest overall performance and achieved superior results in accuracy, precision, F1 score and AUC metrics. Nonetheless, other models such as Decision Tree and Histogram-based Gradient Boosting also yielded strong and competitive results. The results also highlighted age, weight, height and specific food patterns as key predictors of obesity. In terms of interpretability, LIME showed superior in fidelity, whereas SHAP showed improved sparsity and consistency across models, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of trait importance.Conclusion This research demonstrates that ML algorithms, when integrated with XAI technologies, can accurately predict obesity levels and explain important contributing risk factors. The use of SHAP and LIME increases model transparency, facilitating the identification of specific lifestyle patterns linked to obesity risk. These findings help to formulate more precise intervention techniques guided by a reliable and understandable predictive framework.Öğe The effects of French contrast method on explosive power and speed-related skills in female soccer players: a randomized controlled trial(Bmc, 2026) Aslan, Tahir Volkan; Aygun, Yalin; Tufekci, Sakir; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Buyukcelebi, Hakan; Ahmad, Irshad; Ardigo, Luca PaoloBackground The purpose of this study was to examine whether the addition of a 6-week French Contrast Method (FCM) to routine soccer training affects agility, vertical jump height and 30-m sprint performance in female soccer players. Methods A pretest-posttest control-group design was used. Twenty-four female soccer players (> 3 years of playing experience; regular training) participated. The experimental group performed a 6-week FCM program in addition to routine soccer training, while the control group continued routine soccer training only. Agility, vertical jump and 30-m sprint tests were administered at baseline and post-intervention. Within the scope of the study analyses, the primary outcomes (agility, vertical jump, and sprint performance) were derived from within-group pretest-posttest comparisons, whereas the secondary outcomes were obtained from findings related to the participants' descriptive characteristics. 2 Result The group x time interaction was found to be significant in the Illinois Agility Test ( F = 16.813 , p = 0.0004 eta rho & sup2; = 0.433). Performance time decreased from 18.44 +/- 0.59 s to 17.09 +/- 0.365 (Delta = - 1.35s) in the experimental group, while the change was limited in the control group (Delta = - 0.72s) ; the mean difference between groups was - 1.13 s (95% CI: -1.54 to-0.72). A significant group x time interaction was also detected in vertical jump performance ( F = 12.415 , p = 0.002 eta rho & sup2; = 0.361), with an increase of +3.31 cm in the experimental group and +0.77 cm in the control group (between-group difference: +2.54 cm; 95% CI:-0.64 to 5.72). In contrast, the group x time interaction was not significant for the 30 m sprint performance ( F = 0.869 , p = 0.361 eta rho & sup2; = 0,038). Conclusion These results indicate that the FCM training program is effective in improving female soccer players' agility and vertical jump performance, but does not create a significant difference between groups in 30 m sprint performance. These findings not only extend the scientific literature but also provide actionable strategies for coaches and practitioners.Öğe WHAT MAKES LIFE WORTH LIVING?: DIVERS' EXPERIENCES ON RECREATIONAL CAVE DIVING AND SENSE OF WELL-BEING(Int Journal Lifescience & Pharma Research, 2021) Tufekci, Sakir; Aygun, YalinRecreational cave diving experience during leisure can enhance overall well-being in life. The purpose of this study was to explore scuba divers' experiences on recreational cave diving, with a focus on well-being. We conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with recreational cave divers (total N = 12). We employed a theoretical thematic analysis guided by Seligman's five domains of well-being (PERMA; [P]ositive emotions, [E]ngagement, [R]elationships, [M]eaning, and [A]ccomplishment) conjunction with positivity resonance theory and flow concept. The analysis resulted in a synthesis of the various ways divers experienced happiness, fulfillment, and flourishing through positive emotions, co-experienced positive affect, relationships, engagement, flow, meaning, and accomplishment. Themes that reflect positive experiences are important to recreational cave diving and the broader context of leisure.
