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    Chemical composition, and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity properties of Silene latifolia
    (Springer International Publishing, 2026) Gökkaya, İçim; Hepokur, Ceylan; Aykaç, Okan; Ulama, Sena Nur; Bal, Halil; Cakir, Oğuz; Tarhan, Abbas
    Silene species have various pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and cytotoxic activities. This study assessed the antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities and the chemical profile of crude methanol extract and sub-extracts prepared from the aerial parts of Silene latifolia for the first time. After a 24-h incubation, the methanol extract exhibited the highest activity against MCF-7 cancer cell line (IC50: 19.25 ± 0.05 µg/mL), whereas the water sub-extract showed the greatest activity against MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line (IC50: 15.20 ± 0.47 µg/mL). After a 48-h incubation, the extracts having the strongest cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were the water sub-extract (IC50: 14.52 ± 0.86 µg/mL) and the methanol crude extract (IC50: 12.08 ± 0.78 µg/mL), respectively. The methanol extract exhibited the most potent radical-scavenging activity, enhancing total antioxidant status and reducing total oxidant status. The extracts had no antibacterial or antifungal activity against the tested microorganisms. GC–MS analysis revealed that oleic acid, elaidic acid, palmitic acid, and their derivatives were abundant in sub-extracts. The LC–MS/MS analysis demonstrated that the water sub-extract included fumaric acid, quinic acid, aconitic acid, acacetin, and luteolin. This study highlighted that S. latifolia exhibited high antioxidant activity, and that it had a potent cytotoxic effect against breast cancer cells with a high selectivity index. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Società Botanica Italiana onlus 2026.
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    In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of the Combined Effects of Glycyrrhizic Acid and Ciprofloxacin on DNA Gyrase Activity in Staphylococcus aureus
    (Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2026) Aykac, Okan; Bozbey Merde, Irem; Bal, Halil; Ortaakarsu, Ahmet Bugra; Hepokur, Ceylan; Berk, Necmettin
    The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus underscores the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. This study evaluates the in vitro antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) in combination with ciprofloxacin (CIP) against S. aureus ATCC 25923. Antimicrobial activity was determined using broth microdilution and checkerboard assays, revealing MIC values of 0.25 & micro;g/mL for CIP and 512 & micro;g/mL for GA. The GA-CIP combination exhibited an additive effect (FICI = 1). Cytotoxicity assessed via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on L929 cells demonstrated acceptable IC50 values for each agent and their combination. Antioxidant capacity was measured using alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total antioxidant level (TAS), and total oxidant level (TOS) assays, with GA showing potential to mitigate CIP-induced oxidative stress. In silico molecular docking studies targeting DNA gyrase (PDB ID: 2XCT) supported a plausible binding synergy between GA and CIP. These findings suggest that GA, when combined with CIP, may enhance antibacterial efficacy and reduce oxidative damage, representing a promising strategy to address antibiotic resistance in S. aureus.
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    Phytochemical Characterization, Cytotoxic, and Antimicrobial Properties of Aerial Parts of Heliotropium hirsutissimum Weber: In Vitro and In Silico Approaches
    (Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2026) Gokkaya, Icim; Aykac, Okan; Hepokur, Ceylan; Bal, Halil; Polat, Derya Cicek; Renda, Gulin; Yilmaz, Mustafa Abdullah
    This study evaluated the possible cytotoxic properties of the aerial parts of Heliotropium hirsutissimum Weber on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines and also investigated its antimicrobial effects. Following the identification of the main components of the extract using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, molecular docking studies were performed using the PDB 6YD9 and PDB 6BRX targets. The crude methanol extract exhibited the most significant cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, with IC50 values of 10.03 +/- 0.02 and 14.36 +/- 0.65 mu g/mL, respectively. Among the tested extracts, the n-hexane sub-extract had modest efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.625 mg/mL. In silico studies demonstrated that 3'-acetyllycopsamine and heliotrine had moderate affinity for the PDB 6YD9 target residue regions, with docking scores of -6.7 and -6.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The docking scores for 3'-acetyllycopsamine and heliotrine against PDB 6BRX were -6.7 and -6.6, respectively. Quinic acid showed strong affinity for the target residues in PDB 6YD9 and PDB 6BRX, with docking scores of -9.3 and -12.1 kcal/mol, respectively. This study suggests that H. hirsutissimum may have a potential effect on breast cancer. This effect may be attributed to the phenolic compounds and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. These findings indicate that H. hirsutissimum is a promising natural resource for future research in both the anticancer and antimicrobial fields.