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Öğe Analysis of the influence of somatotype difference on motoric parameters such as vertical jump, sit and reach flexibility and 30-m sprint(Edizioni Minerva Medica, 2018) Senol, Deniz; Ozbag, Davut; Kafkas, Muhammed E.; Acak, Mahmut; Baysal, Ozlem; Sahin Kafkas, Armagan; Taskiran, CelalBACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to show the somatotype features of young people with no symptoms and to find out whether motoric parameters such as vertical jump, flexibility and 30-m sprint were influenced by somatotype differences. METHODS: The study included 146 participants (88 males, 58 females) who had no symptoms. The Heath-Carter formula was used to find out the somatotypes of the participants and each participant's anthropometric measurements were found. Vertical jump, flexibility and 30-meter sprint test were measured to evaluate motoric parameters of male and female. RESULTS: In men, athletes with central type somatotype had the best score in vertical jump test with 53 cm, athletes with endomorphic mesomorph somatotype had the best score in sit and reach flexibility test with 30 cm, and athletes with balanced mesomorph somatotype had the best score in 30-m sprint test with 4.36 s. In women, athletes with endomorphic mesomorph somatotype had the best score in vertical jump test with 40 cm, athletes with Endomorphic Mesomorph somatotype had the best score in sit and reach flexibility test with 33.5 cm, and athletes with mesomorph endomorph somatotype had the best score in 30-m sprint test with 5.22 s. No statistically significant difference was found in male and female between different somatotypes and motoric parameters (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although there were no statistically significant differences, it emerged that different somatotypes were more successful than others. An anatomic body structure specific for the sport branch influences performance greatly.Öğe The clinical effects of somatotype difference on isokinetic knee muscle strength and dynamic balance scores (vol 64, pg 28, 2018)(Baycinar Medical Publ-Baycinar Tibbi Yayincilik, 2020) Senol, Deniz; Ozbag, Davut; Kafkas, Muhammed Emin; Acak, Mahmut; Baysal, Ozlem; Kafkas, Armagan Sahin; Taskiran, Celal[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Clinical Use of Chest Expansion Corrected for Age and Sex in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis(Baycinar Medical Publ-Baycinar Tibbi Yayincilik, 2011) Durmus, Bekir; Altay, Zuhal; Baysal, Ozlem; Ersoy, Yuksel; Hacievliyagil, Suleyman Savas; Baysal, Tamer; Aytemur, Zeynep AyferObjective: The aim of this study was to investigate if the chest expansion corrected by age and sex was appropriate for clinical practice or not and to evaluate the relation of chest expansion with pulmonary functions and disease severity in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Metarials and Methods: Eighty-two patients with AS and 42 healthy controls were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to chest expansion corrected by age and sex: restricted and non-restricted groups. Additional to the clinical evaluation, the Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath AS Functional Index (BASFI), and Bath AS Metrology Index (BASMI) were used to evaluate disease activity functional impairment, and mobility respectively. Results: Forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second were significantly decreased in the restricted group when compared to the non-restricted and control groups. Pain, BASFI, and BASMI scores were significantly higher in the restricted group compared to the non-restricted one. Chest expansion was significantly correlated with clinical parameters and pulmonary function tests. Conclusion: Chest expansion measurement corrected for age and sex is appropriate for clinical practice and chest expansion is associated with pulmonary functions and disease severity. Turk J Phys Med Rehab 2011;57:128-33.Öğe Discrimination ability of ASDAS estimating disease activity status in patients with ankylosing spondylitis(Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) Nas, Kemal; Yildirim, Kadir; Cevik, Remzi; Karatay, Saliha; Erdal, Akin; Baysal, Ozlem; Altay, ZuhalObjectives: To investigate discrimination ability of the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) endorsed disease activity score (ASDAS) versions evaluating low and high disease activity in an unselected group of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods: Patients consecutively included into the joint database of five university hospitals were analyzed for low or high disease activity according to different criteria. Standardized mean differences (SMD) for two ASDAS versions were evaluated. Results: The ASDAS versions (back pain, morning stiffness, patient global pain, pain/swelling of peripheral joints, plus either erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein) discriminated high and low disease activity in subgroups according to Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (BASDAI) and ASAS remission/partial remission criteria. ASDAS versions were also not influenced by peripheral arthritis and correlated well with other outcome measurements and acute-phase reactants. The ASDAS versions performed better than patient-reported measures or acute-phase reactants discriminating high and low disease activity status. Conclusion: Both ASDAS versions, consisting of both patient-reported data and acute-phase reactants, performed well in discriminating low and high disease activity. Further longitudinal data may better estimate the usefulness of ASDAS to assess disease activity subgroups and treatment response.Öğe Does vitamin D affect disease severity in patients with ankylosing spondylitis?(Chinese Medical Assoc, 2012) Durmus, Bekir; Altay, Zuhal; Baysal, Ozlem; Ersoy, YukselBackground Vitamin D has been found to have a role in the function of the immune system. There have been a lot of studies investigating a relation between vitamin D and disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). However, there have not been any studies arranging AS in groups according to vitamin D levels and determining any differences among these patients in terms of disease activity, functional status, quality of life, and other clinical parameters. The aim of this study is to compare 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) levels in AS patients with those in normal healthy subjects and to determine the relationship between 25(OH)D3 levels and AS disease activity, functional status, and quality of life. Methods Ninety-nine consecutive patients and 42 healthy volunteers were included in this study. After a comparison between the patient group and the control group, the patient group was divided into normal, insufficient and deficient subgroups according to the plasma 25(OH)D3 levels for another comparison. Results The differences in the 25(OH)D3 level between the patient and the control groups were statistically insignificant. The number of AS patients whose 25(OH)D3 levels were classified as normal, insufficient, and deficient were 34, 29, and 36, respectively. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) scores were higher in the low (including insufficient and deficient) 25(OH)D3 level subgroups (P <0.05). The Bath AS Functional Index (BASFI) and AS Quality of Life (ASQoL) scores were significantly different between the normal and the deficient subgroups (P <0.05). Pain, BASDAI, ESR, and CRP were inversely correlated to the 25(OH)D3 levels (P <0.05). Conclusions The plasma 25(OH)D3 levels may decrease in AS patients and this may negatively affect disease activity, functional status and quality of life. Chin Med J 2012;125(14):2511-2515Öğe THE EFFECTS OF MUSCLE STRENGHT AND PHYSICAL FUNCTION ON BALANCE IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS PATIENTS(Oxford Univ Press, 2017) Baysal, Ozlem; Taskapan, Hulya[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Expert opinion and key recommendations for the physical therapy and rehabilitation of patients with ankylosing spondylitis(Wiley, 2012) Ozgocmen, Salih; Akgul, Ozgur; Altay, Zuhal; Altindag, Ozlem; Baysal, Ozlem; Calis, Mustafa; Capkin, ErhanAim: Physiotherapy is an integral part of the management of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and there is a need for recommendations which focus on the rehabilitation of patients with AS. We aimed to develop recommendations for the physical therapy and rehabilitation of patients with AS based on the evidence and expertise. Methods: The Anatolian Group for the Assessment in Rheumatic Diseases (ANGARD) is a scientific group of Turkish academicians (physiatrists and rheumatologists) who are experts in the rehabilitation of patients with AS. A systematic literature search summarizing the current available physiotherapy and rehabilitation trials in AS were presented to the experts before a special 2-day meeting. Experts attending this meeting first defined a framework based on the main principles and thereafter collectively constructed six major recommendations on physiotherapy and rehabilitation in AS. After the meeting an email survey was conducted to rate the strength of the recommendations. Results: Six key recommendations which cover the general principles of rehabilitation in AS in terms of early intervention, initial and follow-up assessments and monitoring, contraindications and precautions, key advice for physiotherapy methods and exercise were constructed. Conclusion: These recommendations were developed using evidence-based data and expert opinion. The implementation of these recommendations should encourage a more comprehensive and methodical approach in the rehabilitation of patients with AS. Regular lifelong exercise is the mainstay of rehabilitation and there is a considerable need for well-designed studies which will enlighten the role of physical therapy in the management of AS.Öğe Femoral cartilage thickness measurements in healthy individuals: Learning, practicing and publishing with TURK-MUSCULUS(Ios Press, 2014) Ozcakar, Levent; Tunc, Hakan; Oken, Oznur; Unlu, Zeliha; Durmus, Bekir; Baysal, Ozlem; Altay, ZuhalBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Measurement of the femoral cartilage thickness by using in-vivo musculoskeletal ultrasonography (MSUS) has been previously shown to be a valid and reliable method in previous studies; however, to our best notice, normative data has not been provided before in the healthy population. The aim of our study was to provide normative data regarding femoral cartilage thicknesses of healthy individuals with collaborative use of MSUS. METHODS: This is across-sectional study run at Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Departments of 18 Secondary and Tertiary Centers in Turkey. 1544 healthy volunteers (aged between 25-40 years) were recruited within the collaboration of TURK-MUSCULUS (Turkish Musculoskeletal Ultrasonography Study Group). Subjects who had a body mass index value of less than 30 and who did not have signs and symptoms of any degenerative/inflammatory arthritis or other rheumatic diseases, history of knee trauma and previous knee surgery were enrolled. Ultrasonographic measurements were performed axially from the suprapatellar window by using linear probes while subjects' knees were in maximum flexion. Three (mid-point) measurements were taken from both knees (lateral condyle, intercondylar area, medial condyle). RESULTS: A total of 2876 knees (of 817 M, 621 F subjects) were taken into analysis after exclusion of inappropriate images. Mean cartilage thicknesses were significantly lower in females than males (all p < 0.001). Thickness values negatively correlated with age; negatively (females) and positively (males) correlated with smoking. Men who regularly exercised had thicker cartilage than who did not exercise (all p < 0.05). Increased age (in both sexes) and absence of exercise (males) were found to be risk factors for decreased cartilage thicknesses. CONCLUSION: Further data pertaining to other countries would be interesting to uncover whether ethnic differences also affect cartilage thickness. Collaborative use of MSUS seems to be promising in this regard.Öğe Is it Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 or Inflammatory Arthritis? A Case Report(Galenos Yayincilik, 2011) Baysal, Ozlem; Altay, Zuhal Ergunay; Durmus, Bekir; Baysal, TamerComplex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a painful and disabling chronic progressive disease and its definition is subdivided into CRPS type I and CRPS type II. It can be seen with signs of inflammation such as pain, swelling, redness, as well as different symptoms and findings like sensory and motor dysfunctions and trophic changes. Therefore, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of painful conditions of the upper extremities. We report two cases of patients with CRPS type I with unknown etiologies who were misdiagnosed as inflammatory arthritis and also discussed in view of the literature. Turk J Phys Med Rehab 2011;57:45-50.Öğe Isokinetic strength of the trunk flexors and extensors in ankylosing spondylitis(Ios Press, 2013) Durmus, Bekir; Sahin, Nilay; Baysal, Ozlem; Ersoy, Yuksel; Baysal, Tamer; Koca, Tuba Tulay; Altay, ZuhalBACKGROUND: Objective measurement of trunk muscles strength in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) may provide clinical information that can be used to evaluate functional disability. OBJECTIVE: To compare the isokinetic strength of trunk muscles in AS patients with healthy subjects. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with AS and thirty-one healthy subjects were enrolled. Patients with spinal ankylosis and bridged syndesmophytes in the lumbar and dorsal vertebrae were excluded. Trunk flexor and extensor strength was measured at: 60 and 90 degrees/sec. RESULTS: When compared with the control group, AS patients demonstrated 38% and 24% decrease in the extensor and flexor strength, respectively (p < 0.05). In addition, the flexor/extensor strength ratio was 1.0 and 0.8 in the patients and control subjects, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the relatively selective extensor weakness we recommend assessment of trunk muscle strength in these patients for guiding clinicians regarding possible reconditioning exercises in the early period of AS.Öğe Lower extremity isokinetic muscle strength in patients with Parkinson's disease(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2010) Durmus, Bekir; Baysal, Ozlem; Altinayar, Sibel; Altay, Zuhal; Ersoy, Yuksel; Ozcan, CemalWe evaluated lower extremity isokinetic muscle strength to determine affected muscle groups and their dependence on movement velocity, and to establish the relationship between muscle strength and clinical severity, as well as muscle strength and falls, in Parkinson's disease (PD) Twenty-five patients diagnosed with PD and 24 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study Lower extremity muscle strength was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer Each participant's clinical status was examined in accordance with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, fall history was also recorded We observed a significant decrease in isokinetic muscle strength in the patient group, especially in both hip and knee flexors and extensors Decreased muscle strength was independent of velocity, and col related with clinical severity and falls Movement velocity-independent lower extremity isokinetic muscle weakness has been observed in patients with PD, especially in the knee and hip joints The evaluation of isokinetic muscle strength may be a useful tool for the assessment of clinical severity and falls in PD (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reservedÖğe Pattern of Disease Onset, Diagnostic Delay, and Clinical Features in Juvenile Onset and Adult Onset Ankylosing Spondylitis(J Rheumatol Publ Co, 2009) Ozgocmen, Salih; Ardicoglu, Ozge; Kamanli, Ayhan; Kaya, Arzu; Durmus, Bekir; Yildirim, Kadir; Baysal, OzlemObjective. To assess the frequency of juvenile onset ankylosing spondylitis (JOAS) in Turkish patients with AS and to compare with adult onset AS (AOAS) in a cross-sectional study design. Methods. A total of 322 patients were recruited from the joint database of 5 university hospitals in eastern Turkey. Results. Patients with JOAS (n = 43, 13.4%) had significantly longer diagnostic delay (9.21 vs 5.08 yrs), less severe axial involvement and more prevalent uveitis (OR 2.92, 95% Cl 1.25-6.79), and peripheral involvement at onset (OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.51-6.98, adjusted for current age; and OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.07-4.76, adjusted for disease duration). Patients with AOAS had higher radiographic scores and more restricted clinimetrics but similar functional limitations and quality of life. Conclusion. JOAS and AOAS had distinctive courses and Turkish patients with AS had similar features compared to other Caucasian patient Populations. (First Release Nov 1 2009; J Rheumatol 2009;36:2830-3; doi: 10.3899/jrheum.090435)Öğe Postural stability in patients with ankylosing spondylitis(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2010) Durmus, Bekir; Altay, Zuhal; Ersoy, Yuksel; Baysal, Ozlem; Dogan, ErdalPurpose. The aim of this study is to determine whether the postural changes in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) affected postural stability. Method. A total of 64 patients with a diagnosis of AS and 50 healthy volunteers were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to a tragus-to-wall distance <15 cm (Group I, n = 30) and >= 15 cm (Group II, n = 34). The control group (Group III) consisted of 50 healthy volunteers. The postural stability was evaluated with the Biodex Stability System (BSS). The results of Antero-Posterior Stability Index (APSI), Medio-Lateral Stability Index (MLSI) and Overall Stability Index (OSI) were evaluated. Results. There were statistically significant differences between the three groups for OSI, APSI and MLSI. MLSI results were significantly different among patient groups. When Group II and the control group were compared, there were significant differences for OSI, APSI, and MLSI. Comparing Group I with the control group revealed a more significant difference for OSI, APSI, and MLSI. Conclusions. We have found that postural stability decreases in patients with AS in both the early and the late stages of the disease, but especially in the latter ones. This result may be thought to be related with increased kyphosis which is seen during the course of the disease.Öğe Predictive Effects of Different Clinical Balance Measures and the Fear of Falling on Falls in Postmenopausal Women Aged 50 Years and Over(Karger, 2009) Ersoy, Yuksel; MacWalter, Ronald S.; Durmus, Bekir; Altay, Zuhal E.; Baysal, OzlemBackground: Falls among the elderly are associated with a high morbidity and mortality and can involve high-cost medical interventions. The risk of falls often remains undiagnosed until an episode occurs but if the risk is high, preventative measures could be introduced. Objectives: This 6-month prospective study investigated whether different postural clinical measures and fear of falling (FOF) itself can predict future falls in postmenopausal women aged >= 50 years. Methods: 125 postmenopausal women were studied comparing the outcome of fallers vs. non-fallers within the 6-month follow-up study period. Clinical measures, history of falls and FOF data were determined at baseline and the number of falls and FOF were ascertained at the final visit or by telephone interview at 6 months. Results: Of the clinical measures investigated, the Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) >26 points (OR = 7.28, per additional point, 95% CI 2.25-23.61, p = 0.001) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) <= 52 points (OR = 4.77, per additional point, 95% CI = 1.15-19.82, p = 0.031) performed best in prediction of the future falls. Conclusions: Postmenopausal women aged >= 50 years who had FES-I scores >26 points and BBS <= 52 points should be examined for risk factors of future falls and offered preventative measures. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, BaselÖğe Prevalence of atopic disorders in rheumatic diseases(Springer, 2013) Karatay, Saliha; Yildirim, Kadir; Ugur, Mahir; Senel, Kazim; Erdal, Akin; Durmus, Bekir; Baysal, OzlemThe aim of this study was to assess the point prevalences of hay fever, asthma, and atopic dermatitis in OA, RA, and AS, and to compare with healthy controls. A total of 935 patients and healthy controls were included. Demographic and clinical features were recorded, and a questionnaire assessing the existence of atopic disorders like asthma, hay fever, and atopic dermatitis in all groups was applied. Either atopy implied that an individual was either diagnosed with or had symptoms of one or more of these disorders, such as asthma, hay fever, or atopic dermatitis. When compared to the controls, only patients with AS had an increased risk for hay fever (OR 1.52, 95 % CI 1.00-2.41). Patients with RA had increased risks for hay fever, atopic dermatitis, and either atopy compared to the patients with OA (2.14, 95 % CI 1.18-3.89; 1.77, 95 % CI 1.00-3.18; and 3.45, 95 % CI 1.10-10.87, respectively). Steroid use had no effect on the prevalence of atopic disorders in patients with RA. Patients with OA, RA, and AS seem to have similar risks for asthma, atopic dermatitis, and either atopy to healthy controls. However, the prevalence of hay fever may increase in AS. Patients with RA have a higher risk of atopy than patients with OA.Öğe Relationship between psychological status and disease activity and quality of life in ankylosing spondylitis(Springer Heidelberg, 2011) Baysal, Ozlem; Durmus, Bekir; Ersoy, Yuksel; Altay, Zuhal; Senel, Kazim; Nas, Kemal; Ugur, MahirOur aim in this study was to compare the depression and anxiety risk in patients with AS and healthy controls and also to determine the relationship between disease activity, quality of life and psychological well-being. Two hundred and forty-three patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and 118 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls were enroled into the study. Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), and Functional Index, and Metrology Index, Health Assessment Questionnaire for Spondyloarthropathies (HAQ-S), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) including depression subscale (HADS-D) and anxiety subscale (HADS-A), Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life (ASQoL) Scale, duration of morning stiffness, pain-visual analogue scale (VAS), patient and physician's global assessment of disease activity (100 mm VAS) were used to assess clinical and psychological status. Patients had similar HADS-D but higher HADS-A than healthy controls. Patients with high risk for depression and anxiety had higher scores in BASDAI, BASFI and also poorer scores in VAS pain, patient global assessment, physician global assessment, HAQ-S and ASQoL. There was a negative correlation of HADS-D and HADS-A scores with educational level of the patients. Higher scores in HADS-D and HADS-A indicated poorer functional outcome and quality of life. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the HADS-D (OR = 6.84), HAQ-S (OR = 1.76), VAS pain score (OR = 1.03) and ESR (OR = 1.02) were independent risk factors for higher anxiety scores whereas HADS-A (OR = 1.36) and ASQoL (OR = 1.24) were independent risk factors for higher depression scores. The psychological status had close interaction with disease activity and quality of life in patients with AS.Öğe Relationship between vitamin D and lung function, physical performance and balance on patients with stage I-III chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(Assoc Medica Brasileira, 2015) Yumrutepe, Tuncay; Aytemur, Zeynep Ayfer; Baysal, Ozlem; Taskapan, Hulya; Taskapan, Cagatay M.; Hacievliyagil, Suleyman SavasObjectives: vitamin D is important for muscle function and it affects different aspects of muscle metabolism. This study aim to determine whether serum 25(OH) D levels are related to lung functions, physical performance and balance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: in 90 patients with COPD and 57 healthy controls lung function tests, physical performance tests (time up and go, gait velocity test, sit-to-stand test, isometric strength, isokinetic strength), static (functional reach test) and dynamic (time up and go) balance tests and the association of 25(OH)D levels with lung functions, physical performance and balance were evaluated. Results: the COPD patients had significantly more deficit in physical function and balance parameters, and in dynamic balance test (p<0.005). Isokinetic knee muscle strength (flexor and extensor) in COPD patients was significantly lower than in the controls (p<0.05); FEV1 (p=0.008), FVC (p=0.02), FEV1/FVC (p=0.04), TLC (p=0.01) were lower in COPD patients with vitamin D deficiency [25(OH) D less than 15ng/mL] than in COPD patients without vitamin D deficiency. Hand grip test (p=0.000) and isokinetic knee muscle strength (flexor and extensor) (p<0.05) were also lower in COPD patients with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was more pronounced in patients with stage III COPD (p<0.05). Conclusion: patients with COPD had worst physical functioning, poor balance and less muscle strength. Severe disturbed lung and peripheral muscle functions are more pronounced in COPD patients with vitamin D deficiency.Öğe Ultrasonography-Guided Injection for Quadriceps Fat Pad Edema: Preliminary Report of a Six-Month Clinical and Radiological Follow-Up(Ubiquity Press Ltd, 2016) Ozdemir, Zeynep Maras; Aydingoz, Ustun; Korkmaz, Mehmet Fatih; Tunay, Volga Bayrakci; Ergen, Fatma Bilge; Atay, Ozgur; Baysal, OzlemPurpose: To investigate efficacy and safety of ultrasonography-guided local corticosteroid and anesthetic injection followed by physical therapy for the management of quadriceps fat pad (QFP) edema. Materials and Methods: We prospectively evaluated 1671 knee MRI examinations in 1542 patients for QFP edema with mass effect, which was present in 109 (6.5%) knees. Participants were assigned into injection and therapy groups (both received the same physical therapy program). Injection group was first treated with ultrasonography-guided QFP injection of 1 mL corticosteroid and 1 mL local anesthetic agent. Patients were evaluated at baseline and 1-, 2-, 6-month follow-up for pain using static and dynamic visual analogue scale (VAS), suprapatellar tenderness, and QFP edema on MRI. Results: Final sample size consisted of 19 knees (injection group, 10; therapy group, 9) in 17 patients. An overall improvement was detected in both groups between baseline and final assessments. The injection group fared better than the therapy group in static VAS scores (3.33 +/- 1.70 versus 0.56 +/- 1.33), while there was no such difference for dynamic VAS. Incidence of suprapatellar tenderness decreased in both groups, statistically significantly in the injection group (from 100% to 0%). Pain reduction was greater in the injection group at the first month (88.9%-90% good response versus 50%-66.7% good response, static-dynamic VAS scoring, respectively), whereas there was no such superiority at the sixth month. No severe adverse events were identified. Conclusion: Ultrasonography-guided local injection followed by physical therapy is safe in the management of QFP edema; however, it is not superior to stand-alone physical therapy program in the long term.
