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    May viral load detected in saliva in the early stages of infection be a prognostic indicator in COVID-19 patients?
    (Elsevier, 2021) Aydin, Sukru; Benk, Isilay Gokce; Geckil, Aysegul Altintop
    Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of viral load detected in the saliva of COVID-19 patients in the early stage of infection. Study design: Oro-nasopharyngeal swab and saliva samples were collected from all patients simultaneously in the early stage of COVID-19. Viral loads were determined by extracting viral RNAs from saliva samples of patients whose ONP swabs were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR. The demographic information, comorbidities, cycle threshold values, and one-month clinical courses were recorded and compared. Results: The patients' clinical course was evaluated for one month; 56 % of patients had mild disease, 26.4 % had moderate disease, 9.6 % had severe disease, and 8% had a critical/mortal disease. The average cycle threshold values of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva and ONP samples were measured as 22.28 and 24.19, respectively. Cycle threshold value of saliva was found to be significant in predicting disease severity (Eta coefficient 0.979). A statistically significant relationship was found between the disease's severity and the mean of ONP samples' Ctvalues (p < 0.05). Gender, age, body mass index, and co-morbidities were compared with the severity of the disease; no statistically significant difference was found. Conclusion: Viral load detected in saliva in the early period of COVID-19 infection may have a prognostic value in showing the disease's course in patients over 45-year-old. Saliva is an easily obtainable, reliable material for COVID-19 screening.
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    Relationship Between Viral Load and Laboratory Values and Radiological Findings in Patients with COVID-19
    (Galenos Publ House, 2022) Altintop Geckil, Aysegul; Benk, Isilay Gokce; Aydin, Sukru; Akcicek, Mehmet
    Introduction: This study investigates the relationship between the viral load calculated from oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swabs at diagnosis and the laboratory parameters and radiological findings in patients with Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Materials and Methods: Sixty-seven patients who were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) from their oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swabs and admitted to Malatya Turgut Ozal University Hospital were included in the study. Demographic data, laboratory parameters, and the severity of thorax computed tomography findings were recorded. The relationship between the viral load and these data was compared. Results: The mean age of the patients was 63.4 +/- 9.8 years, mean body mass index (BMI) was 28.6 +/- 5.4 kg/m(2), and mean cycle threshold (Ct) values were 21.4 +/- 5.2 cycles. No correlation was found between Ct value and gender, age, and BMI. There was a significant relationship between radiological severity and Ct value, age, and gender. There was a significant correlation between the Ct value and C-reactive protein, leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, ferritin, albumin, and calcium levels. In contrast, no significant correlation was found between hemoglobin, hematocrit, thrombocyte, urea, creatinine, total protein, gamma glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, sodium, potassium, D-dimer, procalcitonin levels, and Ct value. Conclusion: The viral load amount shown by PCR during the early period predicts the condition of the patient's lung in the advanced immunological phase. The Ct value can be an independent factor for evaluating the patient's radiological and biochemical status.