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    Green Synthesis and Biogenic Materials, Characterization, and Their Applications
    (Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2019) Tan G.; İlk S.; Emul E.; Asik M.D.; Sam M.; Altindag S.; Birhanli E.
    Modern nanotechnology, together with the help of pharmaceutical and biomedical science, deals with improving new drug delivery systems in order to cure many diseases including cancer. Thus, nanotechnology has generated a potential influence in several disciplines of medicine including cardiology, endocrinology, immunology, oncology, pulmonology, and ophthalmology. Till date, very little work has been done regarding the positive or beneficial influences of nanomaterials on plant species. However, nanotechnology has the potential for creating new materials to develop new methods or tools for incorporation of fictional nanoparticles into the plants to improve their physiological, morphological, or other related characters. In natural environment, plants and microorganisms like bacteria, algae, yeasts, and fungi have the ability to produce nanosized materials as part of their metabolism. Synthesis of nanoparticles by microorganisms has been arisen as prominent research area in nanoscience day by day. In general, microorganisms produce inorganic nanoparticles in intracellular and/or extracellular way. Microbial production of metallic nanoparticles, especially silver, is achieved by reduction mechanisms of metal ions, while they generate silver nanoparticles as part of their metabolism due to their defense mechanism. Bio-produced silver nanoparticles are also applied for enhanced antimicrobial properties in combination with commercial antibiotics against pathogenic microorganisms. Their antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects are evaluated within this chapter. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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    Influence of the medium conditions on enzymatic oxidation of bisphenol A
    (2014) Yalçinkaya Z.; Gün S.; Şahan T.; Birhanli E.; Sahiner N.; Aktaş N.; Yeşilada O.
    A multistep response surface methodology (RSM) was successfully applied to optimise the medium conditions for the enzymatic polymerisation of bisphenol A (BPA). The laccase enzyme used as the catalyst was derived from Funalia trogii (ATCC 200800) yeast culture. The enzymatic polymerisation rate of BPA, based on the measurements of the initial dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption rate in a closed batch system, was studied through RSM. Initially the most effective medium factors, which are monomer concentration (mg/L), temperature (°C) and solvent content (% methanol), were determined through Plackett-Burman Design (PBD), then the steepest ascent combined with central composite design (CCD) steps were applied to evaluate the optimal reaction conditions for the enzymatic polymerisation. The optimal conditions were evaluated to be 748.46mg/L, 32.24°C and 15.92% for monomer concentration, temperature and solvent content, respectively. A quadratic model was developed through RSM to represent DO consumption in the medium. The maximum DO consumption rate was calculated to be 0.093mg DO/Lmin. Several repetitions were conducted at the optimal conditions to validate the system performance. The data evaluated from the quadratic model were in good agreement with those measured experimentally. The variations between the values did not exceed 10%. The correlation coefficient, R2, was calculated to be 0.95, which indicates that 95% of results can be explained by model. © 2013 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering.