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    Can serum interleukin 34 levels be used as an indicator for the prediction and prognosis of COVID-19?
    (Public Library Science, 2024) Karahan, Dogu; Bolayir, Hasan Ata; Bolayir, Asli; Demir, Bilgehan; Otlu, Oender; Erdem, Mehmet; Perera, Nilanka
    Objective Interleukin 34 (IL-34) is a molecule whose expression is increased in conditions such as autoimmune disorders, inflammation, and infections. Our study aims to determine the role of IL-34 in the diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19).Method A total of 80 cases were included in the study as 40 COVID-19 positive patient groups and 40 COVID-19 negative control groups. The COVID-19-positive group consisted of 20 intensive-care unit (ICU) patients and 20 outpatients. Serum IL-34, c-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, D-dimer, troponin I, hemogram, and biochemical parameters of the cases were studied and compared between groups.Results IL-34 levels were significantly higher in the COVID-19-positive group than in the negative group. IL-34 levels increased in correlation with CRP in predicting the diagnosis of COVID-19. IL-34 levels higher than 31.75 pg/m predicted a diagnosis of COVID-19. IL-34 levels did not differ between the outpatient and ICU groups in COVID-19-positive patients. IL-34 levels were also not different between those with and without lung involvement.Conclusion While IL-34 levels increased in COVID-19-positive patients and were successful in predicting the diagnosis of COVID-19, it was not found to be significant in determining lung involvement, risk of intensive care hospitalization, and prognosis. The role of IL-34 in COVID-19 deserves further evaluation.
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    Effects of ApaI, FokI, and BsmI gene polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor on serum vitamin D level in Turkish MS patients with different types and severities of the disease
    (2021) Turker Cetinel, Tugba; Figul Gokce, Seyda; Yildirim, Malik Ejder; Bolayir, Asli
    Aim: Adequate vitamin D levels may reduce the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) development and progress. It is believed that a number of genes cause the disease, including the genes that function on vitamin D metabolism, although information about the role of the said genes is quite contradictory. We aimed to investigate the status of serum vitamin D and ApaI, FokI, and BsmI gene polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor in Turkish MS patients with different types and severities of the disease. Materials and Methods: The patients were divided into three groups in accordance with the types of MS: relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and primary progressive MS (PPMS). Serum D vitamin level was studied, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) applications were performed by designing primers suitable for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene regions in which FokI (rs2228570), BsmI (rs1544410), and ApaI (rs7975232) polymorphisms are localized. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was utilized to determine the disability status of MS patients. Results: Although vitamin D levels were inadequate in MS patients and controls, the mean serum vitamin D level of MS patients was significantly higher than the controls (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant correlation with A/A, C/C, and A/C genotypes in SPMS patients and with ApaI A/A and A/C genotypes in PPMS patients. The rate of the EDSS score in the range of 0-6 was significantly higher in MS patients with BsmI G/G genotype in comparison with the other genotypes (p<0.05). Conclusion: In the Turkish population, while all alleles of the ApaI gene are associated with SPMS, the A/A and A/C alleles of ApaI are related to PPMS, and the BsmI G/G genotype may be associated with less disability in MS patients.