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    Development of the Effect of Video Assistant Referee Application on Football Parameters
    (Mdpi, 2022) Buyukcelebi, Hakan; Duz, Serkan; Acak, Mahmut; Nalbant, Umut; Svatora, Karel; Gabrys, Tomasz; Karayigit, Raci
    The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) application is a technological development that gives referees the chance to review their critical decisions. The current study aimed to determine the effect of the VAR system in international football organizations on the game over the years. The sample of the study consists of 115 football matches, specifically 64 matches played in the 2018 FIFA World Cup and 51 matches played in the 2020 European Football Championship. In the competitions handled, the number of goals, the number of yellow cards, the number of red cards, the first half time, the second half time, the total match time, the number of penalties and the number of offsides were examined. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare two independent groups. As a result, in the 2020 European Football Championship, there was a decrease in the second half time (p = 0.01) and total match time (p = 0.01), and a significant increase in the number of offsides (p = 0.03) compared to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the two tournaments in the variables of number of goals, number of yellow cards, number of red cards, half time and penalty shootout (p > 0.05). In light of the data obtained, it can be said that the effect of the VAR system on the spirit of the game will decrease as the share of the VAR system in the pauses during the competition decreases over the years. The data revealed in the study may be a clue to explaining why the effect of the VAR system on game dynamics and game spirit has decreased over the years. Therefore, the concerns of football stakeholders about the effects of the system on the game may gradually decrease with the arrangements made for VAR.
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    Does Dominant Somatotype Differentiate Performance of Jumping and Sprinting Variables in Young Healthy Adults?
    (Mdpi, 2022) Cinarli, Fahri Safa; Buyukcelebi, Hakan; Esen, Ozcan; Barasinska, Magdalena; Cepicka, Ladislav; Gabrys, Tomasz; Nalbant, Umut
    The relationship between an athlete's somatotype three-numeral rating and his or her athletic performance is well known. However, a direct effect of the different dominant somatotype on jumping and sprinting variables has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dominant somatotype on sport-specific explosive variables. One hundred and twelve physically active young adults (mean +/- standard deviation age: 21.82 +/- 3.18 years) were somatotype-rated using the Heath-Carter method. Participants were classified as balanced ectomorph, balanced mesomorph, central, mesomorph-endomorph, and mesomorphic ectomorph. Vertical jump and linear sprint tests were performed to measure peak lower body performance and sprint variables (time, speed, and momentum), respectively. The analysis revealed that balanced mesomorph had significantly higher vertical jump (effect size (ES) = 1.10, p = 0.005) and power to body mass (ES = 1.04, p = 0.023) than mesomorph-endomorph. In addition, balanced mesomorph showed significantly superior performance in 30-m sprint time and velocity than central and mesomorph-endomorph (ES range = 0.93-1, p < 0.05). Finally, balanced ectomorph (ES = 1.12, p = 0.009) and mesomorphic ectomorph (ES = 1.10, p = 0.017) were lower in sprint momentum compared to balanced mesomorphs. In conclusion, this study has shown the importance of the interaction between subtypes and athletic performance. The knowledge gained may be important in identifying those who tend to perform well in sports with explosive power and in prescribing training programs.
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    The impact of existing and modify wrestling shoes on foot posture deformities in 12-13 years old athletes
    (Iermakov S S, 2022) Coskuner, Zeki; Acak, Mahmut; Buyukcelebi, Hakan; Ozen, Gokmen; Kurak, Kemal
    Background and Study Aim In the early years when sports footwear became compulsory, the importance of shoe design was not considered in terms of athletes' health. Since the early years of wrestling shoe use, these gears have been manufactured according to the rules of competition, and modifications have been very limited. In this regard, this study aims to determine the effect of existing wrestling shoes on foot deformation. Material and Methods The study was carried out with the participation of 108 young male athletes who had the same training on the same ground for three years in the Wrestling Training Center. The athletes were divided into two groups, an experimental and a control group. While the control group wore wrestling shoes produced by widely used brands, the experimental group wore newly designed wrestling shoes. Foot arch values and images of both groups were determined using a podoscope device at the beginning and end of the study. The evaluations were made according to the Staheli arch index. Results The results of the statistical analysis revealed that differences were found in the footprint measurement values of the control group. It was determined that this difference in the footprints was greater among the freestyle wrestlers. The decrease in the averages between the first and second measurement values of the group using the newly designed wrestling shoes was found to be highly positive and in a linear direction. Also, it was determined that the pain score values of the control group were higher than the scores of the experimental group after training. Conclusions The results revealed that there were deformations in the feet of the control group wrestlers wearing available wrestling shoes. It was observed that freestyle wrestling athletes had more deformation than Greco-Roman style wrestlers, and leg pains were more prevalent after training and competitions. Based on these results, it was concluded that the design of wrestling shoes produced with today's technology needs to be redesigned.
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    Low and Moderate Doses of Caffeinated Coffee Improve Repeated Sprint Performance in Female Team Sport Athletes
    (Mdpi, 2022) Karayigit, Raci; Forbes, Scott C.; Osmanov, Zakir; Yilmaz, Canan; Yasli, Burak Caglar; Naderi, Alireza; Buyukcelebi, Hakan
    Simple Summary The bulk of research on caffeine as an ergogenic aid has been on endurance performance, however there is evidence that caffeine can enhance short-term high-intensity performance. Caffeine may have an ergogenic impact during anaerobic exercise by facilitating central effects by antagonizing adenosine receptors, hence decreasing the detrimental effects of adenosine on neurotransmission, arousal, and pain perception. Caffeine intake also activates the central nervous system, which promotes alertness and concentration. Additionally, athletes typically consume coffee containing caffeine. To date, the bulk of study has focused on the administration of 3-9 mg/kg of anhydrous caffeine, as opposed to the readily accessible source of caffeine, coffee, and has mostly been conducted on males. Consequently, there is a dearth of study evaluating the ergogenic impact of caffeine on females, particularly when consuming alternative caffeine delivery methods, such as coffee. The current study is the first to investigate the effects of low (3 mg/kg) and moderate (6 mg/kg) doses of caffeine from coffee on repeated sprint performance in females. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low and moderate doses of caffeine ingestion via caffeinated coffee on repeated sprint test (RST) and plasma catecholamine concentration in trained female team-sport athletes. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 13 female team-sport athletes (VO2max: 48.7 +/- 4 mL center dot kg center dot min(-1)) completed three RST trials, separated by 4-day, 60 min post-ingestion of either 3 mg center dot kg(-1) (LCOF) or 6 mg center dot kg(-1) (MCOF) or placebo (PLA). The RST consisted of 12 x 4 s sprints on a cycle ergometer interspersed with 20 s of active recovery. Blood lactate (BLa) and glucose (GLU) and epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were collected before and 60 min after coffee ingestion, and after RST. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at the beginning of RST, and after the 6th and 12th sprints. Average peak power score during RST was significantly improved after LCOF (p = 0.016) and MCOF (p = 0.041) compared to PLA, but peak and mean power output of the individual sprints, and fatigue index were not different between trials (all p > 0.05). Epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were significantly higher before and after RST in LCOF and MCOF compared to PLA (all p < 0.05). BLa was also higher after RST in both LCOF and MCOF compared to PLA (p = 0.005). HR, RPE, and GLU were not different between conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, low and moderate dose of caffeine ingestion can enhance the average peak power score during repeated sprints. These findings partly support low and moderate doses of caffeine supplementation via coffee as a nutritional ergogenic aid for trained female team-sport players during repeated sprint exercise.