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Öğe Characterization of Products Obtained by Co-Liquefaction of Elbistan Lignite and Apricot Kernel Shell(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2019) Karaca, Huseyin; Olam, Mikail; Cavusoglu, BugraIn this study, the characterization of products obtained with the co-liquefaction of Elbistan lignite and biomass is made by using the apricot kernel shell as the biomass. The liquefaction tests were carried out in an inert atmosphere in non-catalytic conditions. The calorific value, proximate and elemental analyses of the solid products and the calorific value, elemental analyses and the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the liquid products obtained with the liquefaction were made. The qualitative and quantitative analysis were made by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. After the characterization process, the effect of the process parameters on the composition of solid and liquid products were also determined.Öğe Co-liquefaction of Tuncbilek lignite with algae (spirulina species): Effect of process parameters and characterization of chars and oils(Elsevier, 2022) Cavusoglu, Bugra; Koyunoglu, Cemil; Karaca, HuseyinNowadays, to reduce the cost of coal liquefaction and to produce a new liquid fuel alternative to petroleum, it is considered a more convenient method to liquefy coal and biomass together instead of solely coal liquefaction. Liquefaction experiments were carried out by changing the solvent/solid ratio of 1/1-5/1, reaction temperature 320-400 degrees C, reaction time 30-90 min, and algae/lignite ratio in the range of 1/1-5/1. As a result of this study, the most suitable process parameters obtained by considering total conversion are; solvent/solid ratio 3/1, reaction time 60 min, algae/lignite ratio 4/1, and reaction temperature 380 degrees C. Under these conditions, the highest total conversion is approximately 80% and 77% in catalytic and non-catalytic conditions, respectively. Under non-catalytic conditions of co-liquefaction experiments due to the GC-MS results, cyclopentane (raw material of motor oil), pentadecane, 2-methyl-naphthalene, octa-ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide heptamer are the main products of optimum parameters aforementioned for oil. They are mainly used in fuel technology and used in the chemical industry as raw materials mean low-cost production as well.Öğe Effects of Process Parameters on the Co-Liquefaction of Elbistan Lignite and Apricot Kernel Shell(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2019) Karaca, Huseyin; Cavusoglu, Bugra; Olam, MikailIn this study, the co-liquefaction of Elbistan lignite and biomass investigated by using apricot kernel shell as a biomass type. The liquefaction experiments were carried out under inert atmosphere and non-catalytic conditions. The effect of particle size, coal/biomass ratio, and reaction temperature were examined as a process variable to determine the effect of process parameters on total conversion of products obtained by liquefaction and the conversion of liquefaction products.