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    Evaluation of the pattern of fracture formation from trauma to the human mandible with finite element analysis. Part 1: Symphysis region
    (Wiley, 2023) Sancar, Bahadir; Cetiner, Yunus; Dayi, Ertunc
    Background/AimThe mandible is the largest, strongest bone in the maxillofacial region. When a fracture occurs in the mandible, its location depends on several factors: the direction of the trauma, the angle of the trauma, masticatory muscles and the quality of the bone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stresses caused by trauma to the symphysis region from different angles. Materials and MethodsComputer-based mandible models were created, and a 2000 N force was applied to the symphysis at three different angles using finite element analysis. Six trauma situations were simulated with the mouth open or closed. Forces were applied to the symphysis at 90 degrees (Model 1) in the anteroposterior direction, 45 degrees (Model 2) in the anteroposterior-inferosuperior direction and 90 degrees (Model 3) in the inferosuperior direction, when the mouth was open or closed. The resulting stress intensity was assessed using finite element analysis. ResultsAs a result of trauma applied to the symphysis region, maximum stresses were found where the impact originated and at the condyle region (Model 2, open mouth: condyle 1 [1172 MPa]). The open mouth position caused higher stress values than the closed mouth position (Model 2, open mouth: condyle 1 [1172 MPa]; closed mouth: symphysis 4 [82 MPa]). The Model 2, open-mouth state (Model 2, open mouth: condyle 1 [1172 MPa]) sustained higher stresses than all the other models. ConclusionThe stress values in the mandible were affected by the force applied to the symphysis region, the angle of impact arrival and the open or closed state of the mouth. Keeping the mouth closed at the time of trauma reduced the stress value. A closed mouth during trauma directed at the symphysis reduced the possibility of mandible fractures.
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    Evaluation of the pattern of fracture formation from trauma to the human mandible with finite element analysis. Part 2: The corpus and the angle regions
    (Wiley, 2023) Sancar, Bahadir; Cetiner, Yunus; Dayi, Ertunc
    Background/AimsAlthough the mandible is the largest and strongest bone of the facial skeleton, it is frequently broken. The fracture location in the mandible depends on the biomechanical features, direction and angle of the trauma, and masticatory muscles. This study aimed to evaluate the stresses caused by trauma to the corpus and angle regions from different angles. Materials and MethodsAfter computer-based mandible models were created using finite element analysis, a force of 2000 Newton(N) was simulated with the mouth open or closed to the corpus and the angle. To the corpus: at 90 degrees (Model 1) in the lateromedial direction, 45 degrees (Model 2) in the lateromedial-inferosuperior direction, and 90 degrees (Model 3) in the inferosuperior direction. To angle: 90 degrees (Model 4) in the lateromedial direction and 45 degrees (Model 5) in the lateromedial-inferosuperior direction. The resulting stress intensity was assessed using FEA. ResultsFollowing the simulated forces, the maximum stress in the mandible occurred in the condylar region, except in Model 3 (Left(L)Corpus2[36 megapascals(MPa)]) in the mouth-closed condition. After traumas in Model 1 (open-mouth: LCondyle2[547 MPa]) and Model 4 (closed-mouth: LCondyle2[607 MPa]), higher stress values occurred in the condyle. In the mouth open-closed state, there was no significant stress change in the condyle region in Model 1 (open-mouth: LCondyle2[547 MPa], closed-mouth:LCondyle2[546 MPa]) or in Model 2 (open mouth: Right(R)Condyle2[431 MPa], closed-mouth:LCondyle2[439 MPa]). In Model 3, lower stress values occurred in the closed-mouth rather than the open-mouth (LCondyle1[167 MPa]) state. In Models 4 and 5, the stress values increased in the mouth-closed condition compared with the mouth-open condition. ConclusionsStress in the mandible is affected by the location of the trauma and the angle of incidence of the blow. In trauma to both the corpus and the angle, the most common area to be fractured is the condyle.