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    Drought Stress Imposed at Different Reproductive Stages Influences Growth, Yield and Seed Composition of Soybean
    (Univ Philippines Los Banos, 2008) Kirnak, Halil; Dogan, Ergun; Alpaslan, Mehmet; Celik, Serafettin; Boydak, Erkan; Copur, Osman
    Soybean (Glycine max L.) wasr grown in 2003 and 2004 to determine the effect of deficit irrigation given at five different reproductive stages on its growth, yield and seed composition. All soybean plots received full irrigation during the vegetative stage, while treatments. were started during one of the reproductive stages (R1-2, beginning of flowering and full bloom; R-3, beginning of pod; R-4, full pod; R-5, beginning of seed; R-6, full seed and full irrigation) by completely stopping irrigation. In 2003 and 2004, the observed leaf area index ranged from 3.9 (R-6) to 2.6 (control), and from 4.0 (R-6) to 2.7 (control), respectively. Water stress resulted in reduced vegetative growth, leaf relative water content and leaf chlorophyll content. In 2003 and 2004 seed yields ranged from 1955 (R-6) to 3684 kg ha(-1) (control), and from 1867 (R-6) to 3952 kg ha(-1) (control), respectively. Any water stress imposed on soybean plants in R-3, R-5 and R-6 resulted in substantial yield reduction compared with the full irrigated control treatment. There were no significant effects of total chlorophyll and leaf relative water content on the oil and protein content of soybean seed. Water stress during the different reproductive stages (R-1-R-6) significantly affected protein content, C18:0, C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids. The lowest protein value was obtained in R1-2, while the highest values were obtained from R-4 in both years. Water stress effect imposed on any of the reproductive stages showed a significant effect on protein content but not seed oil. The highest protein content values were obtained from R-4 treatment at 42.5% and 42.1% in 2003 and 2004, respectively, while the lowest values were from R-6 and R1-2 at 37.9% and 38.9% in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Average seed oil content in 2003 and 2004 were 14.61% and 16.12%, respectively.
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    Effects of irrigation, soil compaction and fertilization treatments on physiological - vegetative characteristics and root development of soybean
    (Agricultural Research Communication Centre, 2016) Kirnak, Halil; Gokalp, Zeki; Dogan, Erguen; Copur, Osman
    The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different soil compaction levels (non-compacted control, low compaction, high compaction), irrigation management practices (conventional furrow and alternate furrow) and nitrogenous fertilizer levels (60, 90, 120 kg ha(-1)) on vegetative characteristics (dry biomass production, plant height, number of branch and number of pod per plant, height of the first pod, leaf area index, stem diameter), physiological characteristics (leaf relative water content, leaf chlorophyll content and leaf temperature) and root development through 0 - 80 cm soil profile of soybean grown in Harran Plain of Turkey. Experiments were conducted in Sanliurfa Province of Turkey in split-split plots experimental design with 3 replications during the years of 2006 and 2007. Irrigation program was created by using KanSched simulation model. The amount of applied irrigation water in conventional and alternate furrow systems in 2006 and 2007 were measured as 435.61 and 291.59 mm, and 429.51 and 271.72 mm, respectively. While the highest yield (947.8 kg ha(-1)) was observed in control treatment of the-year 2006, conventional furrow system had the highest yield (2099.3 kg ha(-1)) in the year 2007. Soil compaction, irrigation and nitrogenous fertilization in general had significant effects on entire vegetative characteristics investigated in the present study. Increasing compaction levels yielded decreasing plant height, stem diameter and leaf area indexes. Biomass production increased with increasing nitrogen doses. Results indicated that negative impacts of soil compaction in agricultural fields due to traffic and various other reasons could be eliminated with proper irrigation and fertilization implementations.
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    Irrigation and Yield Parameters of Soybean as Effected by Irrigation Management, Soil Compaction and Nitrogen Fertilizationy
    (Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2013) Kirnak, Halil; Dogan, Ergun; Copur, Osman; Gokalp, Zeki
    Irrigation parameters (reference crop evapotranspiration, actual plant water use, amount of irrigation water, water use efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency, plant water consumption coefficient, variations in soil moisture based on plant water consumption-amount of irrigation water) and yield parameters (seed yield, 1000-kernel weight, harvest index) were investigated for soybean grown in Harran Plain under conventional every-furrow and alternate-furrow irrigation management systems, three different compaction levels (control without compaction, low compaction, high compaction) and three different nitrogen levels (6, 9, 12 kg da(-1)). Experiments were carried out during 2006 and 2007 cropping seasons in Sanliurfa, Turkey in split-split plots experimental design with 3 replications. Irrigation program was created by KanSched simulation model. The amount of applied irrigation water in conventional and alternate furrow systems in 2006 and 2007 were measured as 435.61 and 291.59 mm, and 429.51 and 271.72 mm, respectively. ET values decreased with increasing compaction levels. The highest ET value (568 mm) was observed in non-compacted control treatment and the lowest value (240 mm) in high-compaction treatment. Irrigation water use efficiency increased with decreased irrigation water and the values were higher than water use efficiencies. While the highest yield (94.78 kg da(-1)) was observed in control treatment of the year 2006, conventional furrow system had the highest yield (209.93 kg da(-1)) in the year 2007. While effects of compaction and irrigation on harvest index were insignificant, nitrogen doses were found to be significant. Results revealed that KanSched irrigation model could be used for irrigation scheduling but plant coefficients to be used in the model should be determined properly based on climate conditions. Negative impacts of soil compaction in agricultural fields due to traffic and various other reasons can be eliminated with proper irrigation and fertilization implementations. However, yield losses at high-compaction levels may reach up to 45%.
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    Soil characteristics of soybean fields as effected by compaction, irrigation and fertilization
    (Agricultural Research Communication Centre, 2017) Kirnak, Halil; Gokalp, Zeki; Dogan, Ergun; Copur, Osman
    Soil physical characteristics (penetration resistance, bulk density, temperature, moisture content) and nutrient contents (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) were investigated for soybean grown in Turkey under three different compaction levels (control, low compaction, high compaction), two different irrigation management systems (conventional and alternate furrow irrigation) and three different nitrogen levels (60, 90, 120 kg ha(-1)). Penetration resistances exhibited distinctive increase in high-compaction case of conventional and alternate furrow irrigation systems. Effects of all treatments on bulk density were found to be significant. Only the nitrogen doses had significant effects on leaf P and K contents at p<0.05 level. Soil compaction had significant effects on soil nutrient contents of all depths except 0-30 cm layer (p<0.01). Effects of compaction on soil temperature were insignificant at 10 cm but were significant at 30 cm. Results indicated that negative impacts of soil compaction could be eliminated with proper irrigation and fertilization implementations.