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    Craniofacial anthropometry in a Turkish population
    (Alliance Communications Group Division Allen Press, 2002) Evereklioglu, C; Doganay, S; Er, H; Gunduz, A; Tercan, M; Balat, A; Cumurcu, T
    Objective: To present norms and demonstrate the anthropometric variations in fronto-occipital circumference, inner and outer canthal distances, near and distant [far] anatomical interpupillary distance, canthal index, and circumference-interorbital index across age and sex in urban Turkish subjects. Participants: Three thousand four hundred forty-eight subjects (1852 male, 1596 female) aged 7 to 40 years were included in this study. Methods: Three age groups were studied: children aged 7 to 15 years, young adults aged 16 to 25 years, and adults aged 26 to 40 years. Mean values for each measured parameter were determined at each age between 7 and 25 years. Subjects were also divided into nine age subgroups to observe the change of each parameter with advancing age. Results: The fronto-occipital circumference and outer canthal distance of males was significantly (p < .001) wider than females in all age groups. The near and distant interpupillary distances of male subjects were, on average, wider than the female subjects with greater differences with advancing age. Across all subjects aged 7 to 40 years, the mean of all measured parameters and calculated indexes of men and boys was significantly different from girls and women (p < .001). The mean for interpupillary distances in our study in both sexes were found to be similar to Arabian, Hong Kong, and British children; larger than those of Chinese, Black, Indian, and Caucasians; and smaller than those of Mexican children and a mixed European population. Conclusion: This study clearly shows the anthropometric variation for fronto-occipital circumference, inner canthal distance, outer canthal distance, near and distant interpupillary distance, canthal index, and circumference-interorbital index with age. These developmental data and the normal values of these measurements in healthy subjects are useful for dysmorphologists in the early identification of some craniofacial syndromes, hyper- and hypotelorism, and congenital or posttraumatic telecanthus and of planning surgical intervention. We suggest that the comparison of craniofacial dimensions of a patient must be performed with normal standards specific for age as well as sex and race.
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    Retrospective comparison of surgical techniques to prevent secondary opacification in pediatric cataracts
    (Slack Inc, 2000) Er, H; Doganay, S; Evereklioglu, C; Erten, A; Cumurcu, T; Bayramlar, H
    Purpose: To evaluate the effect of different surgical methods for management of the posterior capsule and anterior vitreous on the rate of posterior capsule opacification in pediatric cataracts. Methods: Charts of 34 children (47 eyes) aged 40 days to 18 years (mean: 8.5 years) who had primary cataract surgery with or without posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation during the past 5 years were reviewed. In 26 eyes, cataracts were managed with a posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, and in 21 eyes, the posterior capsule was left intact. Follow-up averaged 10 months (range: 6.5 months to 5 years). Results: Visually significant secondary cataract developed in nine eyes with intact posterior capsules, and seven eyes required Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. The average time for YAC capsulotomy postcataract removal in the second group was 4 months. The visual axis remained clear in all eyes that had posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis with or without posterior chamber IOL. Complications such as fibrinoid membrane, stromal edema, posterior synechiae, updrawn pupil, and transient glaucoma occurred in both groups at a similar rate. Conclusion: Primary posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis is an effective method for preventing secondary cataract formation in pediatric cataracts.
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    Serum homocysteine level is increased and correlated with endothelin-1 and nitric oxide in Behcet's disease
    (Bmj Publishing Group, 2002) Er, H; Evereklioglu, C; Cumurcu, T; Türköz, Y; Özerol, E; Sahin, K; Doganay, S
    Background/aims: Beligei's disease (BD) is a systemic inflammatory vasculitis of young adults with unknown aetiology, characterised by endothelial dysfunction and occlusion in both deep venous and retinal circulation. Ocular involvement occurs in 70% of cases and is characterised by periphlebitis, periarteritis, vascular occlusion, and thrombosis leading to blindness despite vigorous treatment. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a vasoconstricting peptide while nitric oxide (NO) is a relaxing molecule and both are released by endothelium for blood flow regulation. Homocysteinaemia is a newly defined term connected to the increased risk of atherothrombotic and atherosclerotic systemic and retinal vascular occlusive diseases, and its role in the course of BID has not been previously described. The authors aimed to detect serum total homocysteine (tHcy), ET-1, and NO in BID and to assess if tHcy, ET-1, and NO are associated with ocular BD or disease activity. Methods: 43 consecutive patients with ocular (n = 27) or non-ocular (n = 16) BD (36.95 (SD 9.80) years, 22 male, 21 female) satisfying international criteria, and 25 age and sex matched healthy control subjects (37.88 (8.73) years, 13 male, 12 female) without a history of systemic or retinal venous thrombosis were included in this study. Patients were examined by two ophthalmologists with an interest in BID. Serum tHcy, ET-1, and NO concentrations were measured in both groups. Hype rhomocysteinaemia was defined as a tHcy level above the 95th percentile in the control group. Patients were divided into active and inactive period by acute phase reactants including (X, antitrypsin, alpha(2), macroglobulin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and neutrophil count. Results: The overall mean serum tHcy, ET-1, and NO levels were significantly higher in patients with BD than in control subjects (tHcy = 15,83 (4.44) v7.96 (2.66) ng/ml, p <0.001; ET-1 = 17.47 (4.33) v 5.74 (2.34) mumol/ml, p <0.001; NO = 37.60 (10.31) v 27.08 (7.76) mumol/l, p <0.00 1). Serum I tHcy, ET-1, and NO levels were significantly higher in active patients than in inactive patients and control subjects. In addition, among patients with ocular BID, the mean tHcy levels were significantly increased and correlated with ET-1 and NO levels when compared with non-ocular disease and control subjects. All acute phase reactant levels were significantly higher in active period than in inactive stage and controls. Conclusions: Elevated tHcy may be responsible for the endothelial damage in BD and may be an additional risk Factor for the development of retinal vascular occlusive disease, contributing to the poor visual outcome in these patients. Assessment of tHcy may be important in the investigation and management of patients with BD, especially with ocular disease.