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    Efficiency enhancement with chloride to iodide ion exchange of benzimidazolium salt as a redox mediator
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2021) Dayan, Serkan; Karatas, Mert Olgun; Alici, Bulent; Kalaycioglu Ozpozan, Nilgun
    The new benzimidazolium derivative (SM-1) salt with ion exchange from the (SM-0) was fabricated and characterized by proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1-NMR), carbon-nuclear magnetic resonance (C-13-NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electrospray ionization (EIS-MS), thermal analysis (TG), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), for electrolytes (liquid or dried) in the DSSC charge transportation mechanism. Also, the influence of ion exchange from chloride to iodine in the synthesized electrolytes, compared to other electrolytes (conventional or commercial), was investigated about DSSC performance efficiency. When using as a liquid electrolyte (SM-1), the power conversion efficiency (eta) of the working DSSC device was recorded as 1.980% and it was observed that the performances of DSSCs increased up to 56% when comparing dried electrolyte for SM-1 without conventional redox material (I-/I3-). In the future, different molecular modifications of this type of benzimidazole derivatives or mixtures with conventional redox couples may further improve the performance of DSSC devices.
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    New silver, rhodium and iridium complexes with anthracene-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene ligands: Crystal structures, cytotoxicity and fluorescence studies
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Bekci, Hatice; Ozdemir, Namuk; Sahin, Zeynel; Mumcu, Akun; Dayan, Serkan; Karatas, Mert Olgun
    In the present study, we have synthesized anthracene-functionalized metal complexes to investigate their cytotoxicity and photophysical properties. In this context, firstly, an Ag - NHC (NHC = N -heterocyclic carbene) complex ( 2a ) has been synthesized by the interaction of Ag 2 O and N -(2-methylbenzyl)- N -((anthracen-9-yl) methyl)benzimidazolium chloride ( 1a ). Corresponding Rh - ( 3a ) and Ir - NHC ( 4a ) complexes have also been synthesized by the transmetalation reaction between 2a and corresponding metal compounds. Additionally, for comparison purposes, an ether-functionalized Ag - NHC complex ( 2b ) with N -(methoxyethyl)- N -((anthracene-9- yl)methyl)benzimidazole-2-ylidene ligand, and [AgL 2 ]NO 3 type complex ( 2c ) with a N -coordinated N - ((anthracen-9-yl)methyl)benzimidazole ligand have been synthesized. All complexes have been characterized by the combination of NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques, and elemental analyses. Moreover, solid state structures of 2a , 2b and 4a have been determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Cytotoxic potentials of all compounds have been tested against human lung adenocarcinoma alveolar basal epithelial cell line (A549) using the MTT assay, and all complexes performed strong anti-proliferative activity. Stability studies have disclosed that only 1a and 2c are able to retain their structure in the culture medium (DMEM) that biological assays were carried out. Photophysical measurements revealed that all compounds have similar emission bands because of the conjugation of anthracene group. Finally, 1a and 2c have been visualized by fluorescence confocal microscopy to investigate cellular uptake and subcellular distribution of the complexes, and the findings indicated that both compounds dispersed along the cell membranes nuclear regions.