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    Biological activities of origanum L. (Lamiaceae)
    (Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2021) Çarikçi S.; Gören A.C.; Kiliç T.; Özer Z.; Arabaci T.; Setzer W.N.; Dirmenci T.
    Medicinal plants have highly valuable secondary metabolites such as essential oils, flavonoids, and phenolics that are produced for several purposes. Among many medicinal plants worldwide, Origanum L. is a well-known genus of the Lamiaceae and most Origanum species are rich in secondary metabolites and have chemical differences with respect to both content and composition, as well as several activities including antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antidiabetic activity. Origanum species are used as spices or herbal teas. Due to their use, they have great economic importance and have recently exhibited great interest in the food, cosmetic, agriculture and pharmaceutical industries as well as academia. In this chapter, the biological activity of the genus Origanum will be reviewed. For this purpose, publications related to various bioactivities of Origanum (PubMed/Web of Science/Scopus, 2/20/2021) were screened. These various reported activities showed that Origanum species are important medicinal plants and herbal treatments for several therapeutic indications. © 2022 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
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    Homoploid Hybridization and Its Role in Emergence and Diversity of the Genus Origanum L. (Lamiaceae)
    (Nova Science Publisher Inc., 2020) Dirmenci T.; Arabacı T.; Özcan T.; Yazıcı T.; Martin E.; Çelenk S.; Açar M.
    Hybrid specimens can be occurred as same ploidy level (homoploidy) or not (polyploidy) with its parents. Homoploid hybrids are originated without any change in their ploidy level (2n) and polyploid hybrids are produced with the change in ploidy level (3n, 4n etc.). According to recent studies, the frequency of natural hybridization (homoploid and polyploid) has been estimated to 25% of all flowering plants. Recent studies show that the genus Origanum has homoploid hybrids. Hybridization is a common phenomenon among the species of Origanum in overlapping distribution habitats (natural or cultivated areas). Ietswaart suggested that the hybridization process is a significant factor in the speciation of Origanum, and Origanum is probably caused by the hybridization of the old tribe Saturejeae (now tribe Mentheae) genera. Based on the hypothesis of Ietswaart, we can discuss the emergence of the genus Origanum, its intrageneric speciation and its hybrids having the possibility for speciation via hybridization using morphological and cytological evidence. During the field studies, it was seen that many populations of wide-distributed species were overlapping, and some Origanum putative hybrid specimens were also observed in these overlapping areas with morphological differences from their parents. All studied Origanum species and hybrids have 2n = 30 chromosome numbers to define homoploidy. Palynological characters were revealed, and intermediate pollen structure (size, P/E ratio etc.) was seen in the hybrids between their parents. In addition, DNA extractions were done from all the hybrids and their parents. nrITS DNA was sequenced. Hybrid specimens have some heterozygous DNA loci in comparison to their parents. This study presents some evidence about homoploid the hybridization of the genus Origanum put forward by Ietswaart. If habitat, ecological and geographic isolations occur between the hybrids and their parents, these hybrids can be speciation via homoploid hybridization in the future. © 2020 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.