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    An Evaluation on the Cult of the Snake Goddess in the Ancient Near East
    (Ege Univ, 2017) Donmez, Sevgi
    Serpent, which was believed to possess the information on the minerals and hidden sources within the earth in relation to the underground forces in the Ancient Near East societies, was also associated with the seasonal cycle and resurrection since the Prehistoric Periods. Associated with the serpent, the divine forces displayed differences with the dawn of the central structures. The symbol of the serpent, associated with the agricultural activities, irrigation systems, granaries, vegetables and healing, sometimes confronts us both in the archaeological documents and cuneiform scripts as a composite creature. The symbols of serpent goddess date back to the Neolithic Period. Probably the primitive civilizations thought that the forces of death and resurrection in nature were performed under the control of a goddess. In Anatolia of the 2nd millennium B.C., we are learning the information about the underworld goddesses from the Hittite cuneiform scripts. Accordingly, most of the goddesses, related to the underworld, were defined as the goddesses of fate and river banks. These goddesses have the abilities to grant long life and cure. The serpent goddess, displayed on the Harput Relief and described to have a serpent body below her waist, must be an underworld goddess, who appeared in the Ancient Babylon Period as she carried the characteristics of the Egyptian art, and originated from Syria. Furthermore, the serpent goddess, on the Harput Relief, seems to have an important role in determining the result of the war.
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    Notes on a Scythian Sword and an Iron Pitchfork Found in the Akçadağ-Nurhak Mountains
    (Koc Univ Suna & Inan Kirac Res Ctr Mediterranean Civilizations-Akmed, 2025) Donmez, Sevgi
    The district of Ak & ccedil;ada & gbreve; is located to the west and southwest of the Malatya Plain and covers the northeast extension of the Nurhak Mountains. During the 2021 survey of Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements in Malatya Province, an iron sword and an iron pitchfork were handed over to the research team in Ak & ccedil;ada & gbreve;. They were allegedly recovered by a villager from a pit dug for the construction of a sewer in the village of Bekiru & scedil;a & gbreve;& imath;. The iron sword represents a very unique example in Anatolia in terms of blade, hilt, and pommel form. It bears significant similarities with the Scythian-type swords found in the Caucasus and Eurasian steppes dated to the late Early Scythian period and early Middle Scythian period. The XRF analysis of the Nurhak sword and the iron pitchfork contain high levels of palladium and point to a mineral resource outside Anatolia, most likely in the Ural Mountains. The Scythian-type iron sword and iron pitchfork are of importance for highlighting military, political, and cultural relations between the Scythians and the Near Eastern world, and for a reevaluation of Scythian expansion areas and transit routes in Anatolia.