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    Determination of bone age using deep convolutional neural networks
    (2021) Senel, Fatih Ahmet; Dursun, Ahmet; Ozturk, Kenan; Ayyildiz, Veysel Atilla
    Aim: Bone age assessment is an important measure of skeletal maturity in children with a growth development disorder. Furthermore, age estimation is an important method applied in various situations such as growth observation, immigrant registration, legal criminal justice, and body detection. In this study, we aimed to develop a computer-assisted bone age detection system. Materials and Methods: This detection is usually evaluated by a trained physician using a radiological examination of the left wrist and a reference model. However, this evaluation method was stated to cause differences brought by interobserver and intraobserver variabilities. Several automated approaches have been proposed to overcome these problems, but none of them have been proven to be generalized according to different races, age ranges, and gender. Considering today's technology, it is observed that developments in the software are already used in the field of health. In this study, bone age was determined from X-rays of the left wrist using convolutional neural networks, which are a popular subject of recent years. Results: In the study, in which a total of 150 patients' images were used, different deep learning architectures were used and the results were compared. On average, the success rate was best at 98.39% with different training-testing split rates. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that deep learning could be used to determine bone age.
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    Evaluation of hard palate asymmetry in turkish population
    (2021) Ayyildiz, Veysel Atilla; Dursun, Ahmet
    Aim: In a sample of the Turkish population, we aimed to evaluate differences in hard palate asymmetry by sex, the direction of right-left dominance, and how hard palate asymmetry and morphometric measurements are shaped with age.Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 3-dimensional computed tomography images of the head and neck region belonging to 172 (88 males, 84 females) individuals aged between 20-89 years. In this study, the distances between the Incisive foramen-Greater palatine foramen, Greater palatine foramen-Posterior nasal spine on the right and left sides with regard to the hard palate were measured. The asymmetry ratio was determined as a percentage using the asymmetry index. Furthermore, the angle values between the Incisive foramen-Posterior nasal spine-Greater palatine foramen on the right and left sides were measured on the lines between the measured points and compared with each other.Results: The measured parameters were compared between sexes, higher linear measurement parameters were found in males; angular values and the asymmetry index were close to each other, and no difference was found between them. When a comparison was made between the sides, the difference was revealed only in the measurement of the Greater palatine foramen-Posterior nasal spine, and the right side was larger. In all cases, the right side was larger in 79 cases in the Incisive foramen-Greater palatine foramen asymmetry index, and in 93 cases, the asymmetry was to the left. In the Greater palatine foramen-Posterior nasal spine asymmetry index, it was found that the asymmetry was to the right in 61 cases, and the asymmetry was to the left in 111 cases. Conclusion: This study provided important data on the hard palate morphology of the Turkish population. It also presented anthropological references for hard palate measurements of the Turkish population. Using 3-dimensional computed tomography images, we determined the greater palatine foramen's location according to the posterior nasal spine and incisive foramen. Determining the greater palatine foramen's location according to anatomical structures will contribute to determining the location of the greater palatine foramen in surgical interventions to be performed in this region.
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    Water kefir-assisted fermentation improved quality of plant-based cheese alternative comparable with cow's milk cheese by reducing plant-origin odor and enhancing cheese-like flavours
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2025) Tekin, Ali; Vurmaz, Melike; Fidan, Serife; Dursun, Ahmet; Sekerli, Yunus Emre; Incili, Gokhan Kursad; Hayaloglu, Ali Adnan
    The growing human population in the world has led to a global food shortage and the environmental impact of animal food production is declared in various platforms. The challenges for animal breeding and the limited availability of dairy products have increased the search for alternatives to traditional cheese and other dairy products. In addition, the rising popularity of vegan diets has increased interest in plant-based food alternatives. However, these plant-based products have some limitations, especially having some difficulties to achieving the texture and flavours of dairy counterparts. This study aims to improve the cheese-like flavour of a plant-based cheese alternative (PCA) by incorporating water kefir into the product. The microbiota presents in the water kefir induced biochemical changes and altered the composition of volatiles in PCA. The addition of water kefir led to an increased level of organic acids in the PCA. Significant changes in key organic acids, relevant to cheese production, such as lactic and propionic acids, were observed during storage. In water kefir-free PCA, all free amino acids (FAAs) steadily decreased throughout storage, whereas in the water kefir-treated sample, many FAAs initially decreased and then increased at 60 days. Plant-origin compounds like benzaldehyde, responsible for apricot kernel odor, and green aldehydes associated with off-flavours, declined after 60 days. Meanwhile, compounds important for cheese flavour-e.g., ethanol, acetaldehyde, 3-methylbutanol, and ethyl acetate-increased. These findings suggest that water kefir can effectively improve the flavour of PCA.