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Öğe The Acute Effect of Prolonged Endurance Running on Hippocampal Subregions in Male Athletes(Int Journal Applied Exercise Physiology, 2020) Singin, Rabia Hurrem Ozdurak; Duz, SerkanAlthough the benefits of regular exercise have been known for several organs and systems, the effect on brain health is still under debate during aging. It has been widely accepted that type and duration of exercise play a critical role in the maintenance of cognitive function and memory. Ultramarathon (UM) has become a popular sport in recent years because of its benefits. This study aimed to determine the acute effect of 25 km half-marathon (HM) and 64 km UM on the hippocampus, especially on its subregions that are responsible for cognitive function and memory. A total of 15 healthy male runners aged between 40-60 years were grouped as HM (n=7) and UM (n=8). Brain scans were obtained with 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after the race. Volumetric differences in the subregions of the hippocampus were compared by using a paired-sample t-test in HM and UM groups before and after the race. As a result, the volume of subiculum subregion was increased in both HM and UM groups, whereas volumetric increase in total hippocampus and CA1-3 subregions were observed only in the UM group. The volume of DG remained unchanged in both HM and UM groups after the race. It can be concluded that endurance running causes an increase in hippocampal volume in healthy male runners. However, a certain threshold is needed to stimulate the CA1-3 subregion of the hippocampus. In conclusion, endurance running may prevent age-dependent atrophy in the hippocampus which has a key role in cognitive function and memory.Öğe Acute Effects of Kickboxing K1 Matches on Hematological Parameters of Kickboxers(Mdpi, 2024) Niewczas, Marta; Ilbak, Ismail; Duz, Serkan; Palka, Tomasz; Ambrozy, Tadeusz; Duda, Henryk; Wasacz, WojciechWhile there is clear evidence in the literature that the hematological parameters in athletes of different sports are affected by exercise and varying loads, to our knowledge, there are limited studies on the real impact of kickboxing matches on kickboxers' hematological parameters. In this context, this cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the acute changes in the hematological parameters of kickboxers following K1 matches. With the participation of 10 kickboxing K1 athletes, the hematological parameters, including the WBC, Plt, Neut, Lymph, Mono, RBC, Hgb, Hct, CK, La, and glucose levels, were examined before and after matches. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare the pre-test and post-test hematological parameters of the participants. The findings indicated statistically significant differences in the post-match WBC, Plt, Neut, Lymph, CK, La, and glucose levels, while no statistically significant differences were observed in the RBC, Hct, Hgb, and CK levels (p < 0.05). These results not only emphasize the complexity of physiological changes in athletes, but also show consistency with various findings in the literature, while contradicting some. Therefore, it is highlighted that further research is needed to understand the effects of K1 matches on hematological parameters.Öğe Acute Effects of Marathon and Ultramarathon Running on Body Composition in Trained Male Athletes(Mdpi, 2025) Duz, Serkan; Ilbak, Ismail; Ogut, Ayse Eda Kinaci; Sagat, Peter; Bartik, PeterBackground and Objectives: This study aimed to compare acute changes in body composition parameters following marathon (42.195 km) and ultramarathon (61 km) runs in trained male athletes, with particular focus on hydration dynamics and metabolic stress. Materials and Methods: Sixteen male amateur endurance runners were assigned to two groups: marathon (n = 8) and ultramarathon (n = 8). Body composition was assessed at three time points pre-race, immediately post-race, and 24 h post-race using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Measurements included body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), total body water (TBW), total body fat (TBF), lean body mass (LBM), right arm fat (RAF), left arm fat (LAF), right leg fat (RLF), left leg fat (LLF), and torso fat (TF). Results: Both groups exhibited significant reductions in BW and BMI post-race (p < 0.05), with more pronounced changes observed in the ultramarathon group. Partial restoration of these metrics occurred within 24 h, primarily due to glycogen resynthesis and fluid retention. TBW remained stable immediately post-race but increased notably during recovery, particularly in ultramarathon runners, suggesting more effective hydration responses. Muscle and fat-free mass changes were minimal but more favorable in the ultramarathon group. Both total and regional fat percentages declined significantly post-race in both groups, with ultramarathon runners showing greater reductions. Conclusions: Endurance running induces short-term but substantial alterations in body composition, with ultramarathon participation eliciting more pronounced metabolic and fluid balance responses. These findings highlight the importance of race-specific nutritional and hydration strategies tailored to event type and duration.Öğe Acute effects of physical and mental fatigue on time perception in basketball players(Frontiers Media Sa, 2026) Ilbak, Ismail; Stojanovic, Stefan; Duz, Serkan; Kurhan, Cihad Onur; Suva, Matej; Cepicka, LadislavIntroduction Basketball is a fast-paced, cognitively demanding sport in which players must make rapid, time-dependent decisions under physical and mental strain. Despite the well-documented effects of fatigue on performance, its influence on athletes' perception of time remains insufficiently explored. This study aimed to examine the acute effects of physical and mental fatigue on time perception in basketball players. Methods This cross-sectional study included 34 healthy, volunteer male basketball players. The experimental procedure consisted of a familiarization session followed by two experimental conditions. Mental fatigue was induced using the color-word Stroop test, whereas physical fatigue was elicited through a standardized plyometric exercise protocol. Time perception was assessed before and after each fatigue condition across four target durations (6, 12, 18, and 24 s). A 72-hour recovery period between sessions was implemented to control for potential carryover effects. Results A significant time & times; fatigue & times; duration interaction was found (p < 0.05), demonstrating that mental and physical fatigue exerted opposite effects on time perception. Mental fatigue resulted in systematic underestimation of time, indicated by negative shifts in time estimation errors across all target durations. In contrast, physical fatigue led to consistent overestimation, reflected by positive shifts in estimation errors. These effects became more pronounced with increasing target duration, with the largest deviations observed at 18 and 24 seconds. Conclusion Time perception in basketball is not a fixed mechanism but a dynamic component of performance influenced by transient cognitive and physiological states. Mental fatigue is associated with a compression of perceived time, whereas physical fatigue leads to an expansion of perceived duration. These findings suggest that second-dependent decision-making in basketball is shaped not only by technical and tactical factors but also by fatigue-related states. Integrating fatigue management strategies and time-awareness training into basketball practice and competition may improve temporal accuracy and decision stability under pressure.Öğe Analysis of changes in brain morphological structure of taekwondo athletes by diffusion tensor imaging(Elsevier, 2023) Kurtoglu, Erdal; Payas, Ahmet; Duz, Serkan; Arik, Mustafa; Ucar, Ilyas; Tokmak, Turgut Tursem; Erbay, Mehmet FatihObjective: Taekwondo, which is the most preferred sport among the martial arts, is known to improve individuals physically, spiritually and mentally. The aim of this study is to reveal the effect of teakwondo sport on the brain and brain structures.Design;: 30 taekwondo athletes and 15 control groups were included in this study. Diffusion tensor MR images of each participant were taken. The information was obtained by the self-declaration of the athletes, whether they were sports years, amateur or elite.Method: Total brain volume and volumes of white matter, gray matter, frontal lobe, precentral gyrus, cortico-spinal tract, basal nuclei, postcentral gyrus, hippocampus and amigdala and the ratio of these volumes to total brain volume were evaluated statistically between the groups using MriCloud software and ROIEditor program.Results: An increase in total brain volume, gray matter, frontal lobe and precentral gyrus volume in athletes was associated with taekwondo training. When the ratio of brain parts to total brain volume was examined, it was determined that there was a difference in the ratio of gray matter, white matter volumes in amateur athletes, right frontal lobe, left corticospinal tract, right postcentral gyrus volumes in elite athletes, and left postcentral gyrus volumes of both athletes compared to sedentary individuals.Conclusions: The increase in the volume of gray matter, frontal lobe, postcentral gyrus and corticospinal tract together with the brain volume shows that taekwondo exercise contributes to physical, spiritual and mental development.Öğe Cortical and Subcortical Brain Volume Alterations Following Endurance Running at 38.6 km and 119.2 km in Male Athletes(Int Scientific Information, Inc, 2021) Singin, Rabia Hurrem Ozdurak; Duz, Serkan; Kiraz, MuratBackground: Although several studies have shown that ultramarathon running causes severe physical and mental stress and harms organ systems, its effect on brain tissue remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the volumetric change of cortical and subcortical brain structures following 38.6-km and 119.8-km mountain races. Material/Methods: A total of 23 healthy male runners (age, 49.05 +/- 5.99 years) were classified as short-trail (ST; n=9) and ultra-trail (UT; n=14) endurance running. Pre- and post-test scanning of brain tissue was performed by using a 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Pre- and post-race differences in cortical and subcortical volumes in the ST and UT groups were separately determined by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: Cortical gray matter (GM) and cerebral GM volume significantly increased after the race in both ST and UT groups, whereas the volume of the thalamus, caudate, pallidus, and hippocampus significantly increased only in the UT group. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and white-matter (WM) volumes did not change after endurance running and remained unaltered in both groups. Conclusions: Endurance running has a site-specific acute effect on cortical and subcortical structures and may attenuate GM volume decrease in older adult male athletes. The increased volume of subcortical structures might be a response of physical exercise and additional physical stress experienced by ultramarathon runners.Öğe Craving for exercise due to the disruption of daily routine by an earthquake(Frontiers Media Sa, 2025) Ilbak, Ismail; Yasuntimur, Ahmet; Stojanovic, Stefan; Duz, Serkan; Rydzik, Lukasz; Cepicka, LadislavObjectives The research aimed to examine exercise cravings that arise from the disruption of daily routine resulting from the earthquake and the consequent mandatory absence from exercising at fitness centers.Study design This study utilized the phenomenological design through qualitative research methods.Methods The research sample comprises six individuals aged between 22 and 29 years. They were selected using the criterion sampling method. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.Results Two different types of cravings were identified. The first type is related to exercise addiction, while the second type is related to anxiety-induced cravings.Conclusions Exercise craving manifests in two ways. The first type originates from exercise addiction, emerging when an individual with exercise addiction experiences a lack of exercise. With a more clinical dimension, the second type arises from the inability to engage in training for uncontrollable reasons.Öğe Development of the Effect of Video Assistant Referee Application on Football Parameters(Mdpi, 2022) Buyukcelebi, Hakan; Duz, Serkan; Acak, Mahmut; Nalbant, Umut; Svatora, Karel; Gabrys, Tomasz; Karayigit, RaciThe Video Assistant Referee (VAR) application is a technological development that gives referees the chance to review their critical decisions. The current study aimed to determine the effect of the VAR system in international football organizations on the game over the years. The sample of the study consists of 115 football matches, specifically 64 matches played in the 2018 FIFA World Cup and 51 matches played in the 2020 European Football Championship. In the competitions handled, the number of goals, the number of yellow cards, the number of red cards, the first half time, the second half time, the total match time, the number of penalties and the number of offsides were examined. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare two independent groups. As a result, in the 2020 European Football Championship, there was a decrease in the second half time (p = 0.01) and total match time (p = 0.01), and a significant increase in the number of offsides (p = 0.03) compared to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the two tournaments in the variables of number of goals, number of yellow cards, number of red cards, half time and penalty shootout (p > 0.05). In light of the data obtained, it can be said that the effect of the VAR system on the spirit of the game will decrease as the share of the VAR system in the pauses during the competition decreases over the years. The data revealed in the study may be a clue to explaining why the effect of the VAR system on game dynamics and game spirit has decreased over the years. Therefore, the concerns of football stakeholders about the effects of the system on the game may gradually decrease with the arrangements made for VAR.Öğe The Effect of Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) Enhanced Schroth Method Training on Cobb Angle and Quality of Life in Patients with Scoliosis(Lahore Medical Research Center Llp, 2022) Kurak, Kemal; Altunhan, Abdullah; Acak, Mahmut; Korkmaz, Mehmet Fatih; Duz, SerkanAim: Different treatment models are applied in cases that affect the quality of life of individuals with scoliosis. It has been stated that exercise applications, especially used in addition to physical therapy, are effective in the treatment process of patients with scoliosis. In recent years, Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) has been used to increase the performance of athletes. Accordingly, this study was planned to examine the effect of Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) application on scoliosis cobb angle and quality of life in patients with scoliosis. Methods: Twenty-four female scoliosis patients with scoliosis Cobb angle between 250 and 400 in the thoracic region between the ages of 14-26 participated in the study. The patients participating in the study were divided into three different groups as EMS Schroth exercise group (EMSS=8), Schroth exercise group (SE=8) and control group (CG=8). In addition, height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), Cobb angle measurements were taken for each group before and after the study. Scoliosis Research Society 22 scale (SRS-22) was used for these measurements. SPSS 25 statistical package program was used to evaluate the data. Since the data were not normally distributed, Mann Whitney U-test was used for pairwise comparisons. Kruskal Wallis H-tests were used to compare more than two groups. The level of significance was accepted as P<0.05 in the evaluations. Results: It was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the age, weight, height and BMI of the EMSS, SE and CG participants and it was found that the EMSS cobb angle decreased statistically. Also, it was stated that there was a stable and very slight decrease in the SE cobb angle. It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the negative direction in the CG cobb angle. It was determined that there was a significant change in SRS-22 scale values in all sub-dimensions of EMSS and SE, and there was no statistically significant difference in the pre-test and post-test mean scores of the other sub dimensions except the pain sub-dimension of the CG scale. Conclusion: EMS exercises will save time in terms of faster recovery of patients in the treatment of scoliosis. Besides, it will be very beneficial in terms of time and cost by shortening the rehabilitation period of athletes after sports injuries.Öğe The Effect of Ultramarathon Running on Bone Mineral Density in Male Athletes(Int Journal Applied Exercise Physiology, 2020) Duz, Serkan; Arik, MustafaThe purpose of this study was to compare bone mineral density of older aged ultramarathon runners with physically active and sedentary age-matched males. Forty-two healthy males aged between 44 and 56 years participated voluntarily to the study and were grouped equally as ultramarathon (UM), active males (AM) and sedentary control (C). BMD was measured at the lumbar spine (L2-L4) hip, femoral neck and total body by DXA. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM statistics (SPSS version 23.0, Armonk, NY, USA) windows package program. Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare differences between groups which was not normally distributed. Dunn's post-hoc test was performed to determine which groups were different from others. The results were evaluated within the 95% confidence interval and significance was set at p<.05. The results showed that femoral neck (p=.024), hip (p=.001), lumbar spine (p=.000) and total BMD (p=.000) of the UM runners were significantly lower compared to AM group. Moreover, total BMD of the UM runners were significantly lower than those of the C group (p=.001). On the other hand, femoral neck (p=.043) and lumbar spine (p=.028) BMD of the AM group was significantly higher compared to C group. As a conclusion, it is thought that middle-aged male UM runners should include weight-bearing exercises in their training program to attenuate the decrease in BMD because of increased exercise volume.Öğe Egzersize Başlamayı Ertelemek: Egzersiz Erteleme Ölçeği (EEÖ)(2025) Duz, Serkan; Akarsu, Mehmet; İlbak, İsmail; Yasuntimur, Ahmet; Stojanovic, Stefan; Karadenizli, Zeynep InciAmaç: Egzersize katılım, sosyal, kişisel ve çevresel faktörlerden etkilenen karmaşık bir davranışsal süreç olmakla birlikte egzersiz yapmayı ertelemek oldukça yaygın bir durumdur. Egzersize katılımı ertelemenin altında yatan sebepleri anlaşılır kılacak bir ölçeğin geliştirilmesi, bireylerin egzersiz yapmaya karşı olan erteleme eğilimlerini anlamak, ölçmek ve müdahale stratejileri geliştirmek için oldukça önemlidir. Bu bağlamda bu araştırmada egzersizi erteleme nedenlerini incelemeyi ve anlamayı mümkün kılacak bir ölçeğin geliştirmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Tarama modelinden faydalanarak tasarlanan bu araştırmanın katılımcı grubu düzenli olarak egzersiz yapmayan 18- 55 yaş aralığında toplam 1060 birey oluşturmaktadır. Ölçek maddeleri, literatür taraması ve alan uzmanları görüşleri alınarak hazırlanmıştır. Bulgular: Yapılan açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda, zaman, motivasyon ve kaygı olmak üzere üç alt boyuttan oluşan toplam 10 madde içeren bir yapı elde edilmiştir. Bu yapı, doğrulayıcı faktör analiziyle sınanmış ve geçerliliği doğrulanmıştır. Ölçek güvenirliği, iç tutarlık kat sayısı, açıklanan ortalama varyans, kompozit güvenirlilik değerleri ve güvenirlilik katsayısı kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan analizler, ölçeğin tüm alt boyutlarında 0,70'in üzerinde Cronbach’s Alpha iç tutarlılık katsayısına, güvenirlik katsayısına ve kompozit güvenirlilik değerine sahip olduğunu ve 0,50'nin üzerinde açıklanan ortalama varyansa sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç: Bu araştırma sonucunda geliştirilen ölçeğin güvenilir ve geçerli bir ölçüm aracı olduğu sonucuna varılabilir. Bu ölçek, egzersizi ertelemeye ilişkin nedenleri anlamak ve müdahale stratejileri geliştirmek için kullanılabilir.Öğe Egzersize yönelik tutumları anlamak: Bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması(2025) Duz, Serkan; Akarsu, Mehmet; İlbak, İsmail; Yasuntimur, AhmetAmaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, yetişkin bireylerin egzersiz tutumlarını değerlendirmede kulla- nılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Yöntemler: Tarama modeline dayalı bu araştırma, 18-55 yaş aralığındaki 668 bireyle yürütül- müştür. Ölçek maddeleri literatür taraması ve egzersiz, spor-sağlık ile ölçme ve değerlendir- me alanlarında uzman görüşleriyle oluşturulmuştur. Kapsam geçerliği uzman görüşleriyle test edilmiş; yapı geçerliği için açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: AFA sonucunda dört faktörlü (zihinsel, psikolojik, fiziksel, sosyal) ve 16 madde - lik yapı elde edilmiş, varyansın %55,085’ini açıkladığı belirlenmiştir. DFA uyum indeksleri (RMSEA=0,037, CFI=0,967, X²/sd=1,527) yapının geçerli olduğunu göstermiştir. Cronbach’s Alpha katsayıları 0,80-0,94 aralığında, test-tekrar test güvenirlik katsayıları 0,73-0,85 arasın- da bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Geliştirilen ölçek, yetişkin bireylerin egzersiz tutumlarını değerlendirmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir araçtır.Öğe FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTELERE KATILIM ENGELLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ: KIZ MESLEK LİSESİ ÖRNEKLEMİ(2021) Deryahanoğlu, Gamze; Duz, Serkan; Özdurak, HürremÖz: Günlük hayatımızın en önemli parçalarından birisi fiziksel aktivite olması gerekirken maalesef gelişen teknoloji ve değişen yaşam koşulları insanların fiziksel olarak inaktif olmasına neden olmaktadır. Özellikle kültürel kalıplardan dolayı ülkemizde kadınların fiziksel aktivitelere katılımı sınırlıdır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın amacı geleceğin anneleri olacak kız öğrencilerin fiziksel aktiviteye katılımlarını engelleyen faktörleri incelemektir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Özbek (2019) tarafından geliştirilen “Fiziksel Aktivitelere Katılımını Engelleyen Faktörler” ölçeği kullanılmış olup verilerin analizinde ikili karşılaştırmalarda bağımsız örneklem t-testi, ikiden fazla değişkenin karşılaştırmasında ise tek yönlü varyans analizi ve Hochberg post-hoc analizi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda; kız öğrencilerin sınıf, vücut kütle indeksi, aile tipi ve anne eğitim durumunun fizksel aktiviteye katılımı engellemediği görülmüştür. Aile gelir durumu ile okul; spor geçmişi ile eğitim sistemi, haftalık spor yapma frekansı ile aile; baba eğitim durumu ile aile; kilo memnuniyeti ile okul ve eğitim sistemi alt boyutları ile ölçek toplam puanı, uyku durumu ile de eğitim sistemi alt bıyutu ve ölçek toplam puanı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark olduğu tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak; kız öğrencilerin fiziksel aktiviteye katılımlarını engelleyen faktörler arasında okul, aile ve eğitim sisteminin önemli rol olduğu söylenebilir.Öğe Genç Sporcuların Sosyal Medya Kullanım Davranışlarını Etkileyen Faktörlerin İncelenmesi(2025) Duz, Serkan; Akarsu, Mehmet; İlbak, İsmail; İlbak, Yunus EmreBu araştırmanın amacı, sporcuların sosyal medya kullanım davranışlarını etkileyen demografik faktörleri inceleyerek bu faktörlerin nasıl bir etki yarattığını anlamaktır. Bu kesitsel tipteki araştırmaya 296 sporcu gönüllü olarak katılmış ve nicel araştırma yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilen çalışmada, demografik bilgileri sorgulayan bir form ile sosyal medya kullanım davranışlarını ölçen bir ölçek kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde IBM SPSS yazılımı kullanılarak, sporcuların sosyal medya etkileşimlerinin farklı demografik özelliklere göre nasıl değiştiği detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçları, demografik özelliklerin sosyal medya kullanım davranışları üzerinde belirgin bir etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Yaş, cinsiyet, spor dalı gibi değişkenler, sporcuların sosyal medyayı nasıl ve ne amaçla kullandıklarını önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, sosyal medya kullanım davranışlarının daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için sporcuların demografik özelliklerinin yanı sıra spor alışkanlıklarının da dikkate alınması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bulgular, aynı zamanda sporcuların sosyal medya platformlarını daha bilinçli ve dengeli kullanmalarına yönelik stratejiler geliştirilmesine yardımcı olabilir.Öğe Prevelance of flatfoot in secondary school students and its relationship with obesity(2020) Korkmaz, Mehmet Fatih; Acak, Mahmut; Duz, Serkan; Bozduman, ÖmerAbstract: The aim of this study is to determine the flatfoot prevalence of secondary school students and to investigate the relationship between obesity. As the population of the study consists of 28540 students between the ages of 10 and 18 living in Yeşilyurt and Battalgazi districts of Malatya province, the sample consisted of 3493 people, 1593 women and 1903 men. It was found that, 16.7% of women (9.8% flexible, 6.9% rigid), 16.1% of men (9.3% flexible, 6.8% rigid) had pes planus. It was determined that 19.6% of the participants had problems in their feet and 9.7% of them had flexible, 6.9% had rigid pes planus and 3% had high arch. It was observed that 31.2% of overweight participants were flexible and 15.6% were rigid pes planus while 21.2% of the obese participants were flexible and 37.7% were rigid pes planus. The mean of visual analogue scale (VAS) scores in which the participants evaluated the pain in the lower part of the leg during the day was 6.0±.08, in students with flexible pes planus and 8.5±1.11 in students with rigid pes planus. As a result of the study, no significant relationship was found between gender and flatfoot, but there was a significant relationship between flatfoot and obesity in all age groups.Öğe RAKETLİ SPORLARDA KULLANILAN BESİN DESTEK ÜRÜNLERİ(2021) Ekin, Hakan; Duz, SerkanÖz: Raketle oynanan sporlar iki veya dört oyuncu arasında, topun raket vasıtasıyla rakipoyuncu tarafından karşılanamayacak veya rakibi hata yapmaya sevk edecek şekilde atılıppuan kazanmaya dayalı spor branşlarını içerir. Raketli sporların en fazla tanınanları tenis,badminton, squash ve masa tenisidir. Raketli sporların gün geçtikçe daha fazla izleyicitarafından izlenmesi ve popülaritesinin artması bu sporların bilimsel araştırmalara konuolmasına ve detaylı incelenmelerine neden olmuştur. Raketli sporlar doğaları gereği kısadinlenme aralıkları ve çok yoğun yüklenme periyotları içerdiğinden bu yoğunyüklenmelerin üstesinden gelebilmek için gerekli enerjinin hem anaerobik hem deaerobik yolaklardan karşılanması gerekmektedir. Raketli sporlarda her branşıngereksinimleri, kuralları, saha ölçüleri, müsabaka süresi ve sıklığı, sezon uzunluğu,antrenman dönemi, iklim şartları, oyunun seviyesi, sporcunun cinsiyeti ve yaşı farklıolduğu için beslenme stratejileri de branşa göre farklılaşmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, diğer spordallarında olduğu gibi raketli sporlarda da üst düzey başarı için antrenman vebeslenmenin uyumlu olması gerekmektedir. Sporcular antrenman veya müsabakalardaüst düzey fiziksel performans sergileyebilmek, aktiviteyi sürdürebilmek ve toparlanmayıhızlandırabilmek için ortalamanın üzerinde enerji ve dolayısıyla besin alımına ihtiyaçduymaktadır. Bu nedenle sporcular performanslarını artırmak amacıyla sıklıkla besin destek ürünlerinden faydalanmaktadırlar. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın amacı raketlisporlarda kullanılan besin destek ürünlerinin sistematik bir derlemesinigerçekleştirmektir.Öğe The Impact of K-1 Kickboxing Tournament Fights on Growth Hormone, IGF-1, and Insulin Levels: Preliminary Findings from a Pilot Study in Elite Athletes(Mdpi, 2025) Rydzik, Lukasz; Ilbak, Ismail; Duz, Serkan; Ambrozy, Tadeusz; Palka, Tomasz; Kopanska, Marta; Niewczas, MartaBackground: Evidence on acute endocrine responses to K-1 kickboxing is limited. This pilot study assessed pre-to-post changes in GH, IGF-1 and insulin after a single K-1 bout and explored relationships with training experience (TE), final heart rate (HRFINAL) and perceived exertion (RPE). Methods: Elite male K-1 athletes (n = 10) completed an interclub, referee-supervised three-round bout (3 x 2 min). Venous blood was sampled pre-fight and +2 min. GH, IGF-1 and insulin were assayed (ELISA). Paired t-tests and Pearson's r quantified changes and associations. Results: GH rose from 1.20 +/- 2.05 to 11.27 +/- 8.82 ng/mL (p = 0.007; d = 1.85), and insulin from 5.95 +/- 1.56 to 12.95 +/- 5.95 mu U/mL (p = 0.002; d = 1.86); IGF-1 showed no change (200.90 +/- 55.89 to 203.00 +/- 54.10 ng/mL; p = 0.497). Delta GH and Delta insulin correlated positively with HRFINAL (rp = 0.89 and 0.88, both p < 0.001) and RPE (rp = 0.70 and 0.68; p = 0.024 and 0.031), and negatively with TE (rp = -0.72 and -0.68; p = 0.019 and 0.031). Conclusions: A single K-1 fight elicited large acute increases in GH and insulin but not IGF-1 at +2 min. HRFINAL and RPE tracked response magnitude, while more experienced athletes showed smaller deltas. Findings are preliminary and limited by a small sample, elite-only cohort, in an interclub setting, with immediate sampling and absence of a control group.
