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    Correlations between event-related potential components and nitric oxide in maximal anaerobic exercise among sportsmen trained at various levels
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2005) Duzova, H; Özisik, HI; Polat, A; Emre, MH; Gullu, E
    Physical exercise has influence on all organs except its effects oil the central nervous system have not been fully elucidated. This study attempts to determine whether the degree of training could affect the response to physical stress by comparing the three groups of males in different levels of the physical fitness. Serum samples from high (n = 11), moderate (n = 10), and low physical activity sportsmen (n = 10) were collected to determine nitrite/nitrate levels before and after carrying out an anaerobic maximal exercise test. All oddball paradigm of auditory stimuli was used to evoke the N200 and P300 before and after the exercise. The amplitude of the N200 decreased significantly after anaerobic maximal exercise compared to the values of the recorded pre-exercise at Fz area in high physical activity group. There was a negative correlation between event-related potentials component and both nitrite/mtrate serum level changes and the heart rate changes in low physical activity subjects. However. in high and moderate physical activity groups, these relationships were positive.
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    The effects of different skill training on neuromuscular electric activity of the limbs in amateur sportsmen
    (Ios Press, 2005) Kaygusuz, A; Meric, F; Ertem, K; Duzova, H; Karakoc, Y; Ozcan, C
    In this study, we investigated the effects of different skills of sport on electromyography (EMG) of limb muscles in sportsmen. Two different skill groups of sport consisted of 10 soccer players who use extensively lower limb, and 10 handball, basketball and volleyball players with selectively high usage of the upper limb. Surface EMG (sEMG) were recorded from the abductor pollicis brevis and gastrocnemius muscles of subjects. In addition, Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) were recorded from the lower limb of participants. EMG findings of two groups were compared with each other and age-sex matched sedentary controls. Amplitude and area of sEMG recorded from gastrocnemius muscle of handball -basketball-volleyball players were significantly higher than those of soccer players (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05), whereas not significantly different based on the abductor pollicis brevis (p > 0.05 in both). F-response of both muscles and H-reflex of handball-basketball-volleyball players were also significantly higher from those of soccer players and control group (p < 0.05 for all), whereas only F-response of gastrocnemius muscle of soccer player was significantly lower than that of control group (p < 0.05). We conclude that EMG amplitude of gastrocnemius muscle, F-response and H-reflex times of lower limbs increase in handball-basketball-volleyball players due to the nature of training skills. Volleyball, handball or basketball training contributes to neuromuscular differences in both upper and lower extremities more than football training because both extremities are extensively used in these sport categories.
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    Effects of training period on haemorheological variables in regularly trained footballers
    (Bmj Publishing Group, 2005) Karakoc, Y; Duzova, H; Polat, A; Emre, MH; Arabaci, I
    Objective: To investigate the effects of one football training period on haemorheological variables in regularly trained footballers. Method: Ten subjects were randomly selected from the reserve team of a football club in the Turkish Premier League. During the last week of the football season, one day before a standard training session and two days after the previous league match, venous blood samples were taken (pre-exercise). After 90 minutes of standard training, further blood samples were taken (post-exercise). Blood lactate, blood viscosity, plasma fibrinogen, blood clotting time, acid-base variables, and plasma Na+, K+, and Ca2+ were determined. Results: Haemoglobin, packed cell volume, and mean corpuscular volume were all significantly decreased, whereas white blood cells and platelets were both increased after training. Blood viscosity decreased but the reduction was not significant. Blood lactate, plasma glucose, and Na+ content were significantly increased, but standard bicarbonate, actual bicarbonate, and Ca2+ were significantly decreased. Blood clotting time had shortened significantly after training. Blood viscosity was inversely correlated with plasma glucose concentration (r = -0.48 and p = 0.032). Conclusions: The results show that blood viscosity tends to decrease as the result of this type of training. This is due to a reduction in packed cell volume and mean corpuscular volume. The increased blood lactate does not have an adverse effect on the blood of these subjects because protective mechanisms develop with regular training throughout the season.