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Öğe The acute effect of different massage durations on squat jump, countermovement jump and flexibility performance in muay thai athletes(Iermakov S S, 2021) Bayer, Ramazan; Eken, OzgurBackground and Study Aim Muay thai is a combat sport in which the competitors kick, punch, knee, elbow and growl with their opponents. The strength of the leg muscles can increase the intensity of the kick and its flexibility is a well-known issue for this sport. Determining the most appropriate method for these issues provides important gains to the athletes. One of the methods applied to achieve these gains is acute massage applications. The aim of the study is to evaluate the acute effect of different massage times on squat jump, countermovement jump and flexibility performance. Material and Methods Twelve healthy male muay thai athletes (age, 19.83 +/- 1.46 years; height, 175.33 +/- 7.91 cm; body mass, 65.16 +/- 13.36 kg) participated in the study, who exercised three times a week. The study consists of a single group. The study consists of 4 different massage duration protocols. These protocols consist of no massage (NM), five minutes massage (5MMSG), ten minutes massage (10MMSG) and fifteen minutes massage (15MMSG). Counter movement jump, squat jump, sitting and lying flexibility were measured after each massage period, respectively. All protocols were continued on consecutive days. Results There was a significant main effect for flexibility (F = 10,872 ; p = 0.00), countermovement jump (F = 4.719 p=.008) and squat jump (F = 6.262 p=.002) performance. The best flexibility, countermovement jump and squat jump performance detected immediately after 5MMSG was respectively 35,16 +/- 6,33; 37,17 +/- 4,18 and next, 36,05 +/- 4,68. Conclusions As a result, it is recommended that different massage durations are effective in improving physical performance, and 5MMSG before competition is recommended for athletes and coaches to get more performance.Öğe The acute effect of different specific warm-up intensity on one repeat maximum squat performance on basketball players(Iermakov S S, 2021) Eken, OzgurBackground and Study Aim Squat exercises have some advantages in terms of time, practice and energy costs. It is also an exercise method used in training plan in terms of development of jumping ability in basketball players. There are many factors that affect squat performance both positively and negatively. These factors can vary as warm up, psychological and physiological conditions. In addition, squat performance may vary depending on warm-up types and intensity. It was aimed to determine the effect of different specific warm-up intensities on 1-maximum repetition squat performance (1-RM) on basketball players. Material and Methods The sample group of the study consisted of 10 men (age: 22.90 +/- 1.44 years, height: 188.10 +/- 8.06 cm, body weight: 77.92 +/- 13.41 kg, BMI: 21.70 +/- 2.83), who played basketball regularly for at least 3 years. This group performed 3 different specific warm up intensities on non-consecutive days. Warm up protocols were determined as follows: light jogging for only 5 minutes (NSW), light jogging and % 40 intensity specific warm up (LISW), light jogging and % 80 intensity specific warm up (HISW). Results Participants' 1-RM squat performance was found to be statistically different between NSW (91.10 kg), LISW (95.00 kg), HISW (100,50 kg) respectively (p<0.05). Additionally, 1-RM squat performance values were observed highest after HISW. Rate perceived exertion (RPE) and body temperature (BT) were found highest after HISW. Conclusions: As a result of this study, HISW are recommended to basketball coaches and basketball players in order to get more performance before the squat movement.Öğe The Acute Effect of Different Specific Warm-up Phases on 1-Repetition Maximum Bench Press Results(Lahore Medical & Dental Coll, 2022) Eken, OzgurBackground: Warm up is important to maximize the performance of exercise participants in different resistance exercise activities. In addition, bench press performance may differ according to warm-up types, warm-up phases and intensity. Aim: The present study investigated the acute effect of different specific warm-up phases on 1-RM bench press performance. Methods: Fourteen male volunteers between the ages of 18-25 and exercise regularly for two days a week, participated in the study (age, 21.64 +/- 2.09 years; height, 174.21 +/- 5.48 cm; 69.43 +/- 7.19 kg; BMI 22.84 +/- 1.69). This group performed 4 different specific warm-up phases on non-consecutive days. Specific warm-up phases consisted of only eight minutes of light-intensity aerobic run (Nw), five minutes of light-intensity aerobic run + 3 sets of 30 seconds repetition and 30 seconds rest specific warm-up phases (30sw-30sr), five minutes of light intensity aerobic run + 3 sets of 40 seconds repetition and 20 seconds rest specific warm-up phases (40sw-20sr), five minutes of light-intensity aerobic run + 3 sets of 20 seconds repetition and 40 seconds rest specific warm-up (20sw-40sr) phases. Results: The 1-RM bench press' values observed after the 20sw-40sr (72.86 +/- 6.99) protocol were reported to be better than 30sw-30sr (62.14 +/- 6.71), 40sw-20sr (58.57 +/- 9.07) and Nw (57.86 +/- 11.72), respectively. In addition, it was determined that there was find statistically significant difference between the 1-RM bench press values [F(1,522)= 24,981 p= ,000, partial eta squared: ,658] reported after Nw, 30sw-30sr, 40sw-20sr and 20sw-40sr protocols (p< .05). Conclusion: As a result of this study, 20sw-40sr are recommended to coaches and exercise participants in order to get more performance before bench press movement.Öğe Acute effect of moderate and high-intensity interval exercises on asprosin and BDNF levels in inactive normal weight and obese individuals(Nature Portfolio, 2023) Ceylan, Halil Ibrahim; Ozturk, Mehmet Ertugrul; Ozturk, Deniz; Silva, Ana Filipa; Albayrak, Mevlut; Saygin, Ozcan; Eken, OzgurThis study aimed to examine the acute effects of moderate-intensity aerobic and high-intensity interval exercise protocols on Asprosin and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels in inactive normal weight and obese individuals. A total of 20 male individuals aged 18-65 years, ten normal weight (NW) (Body Mass Index (BMI): 18.5-24.99 kg/m(2)) and 10 obese (Ob) (BMI: 24.99-35.00 kg/m(2)) participated in this study, voluntarily. Moderate aerobic exercise (AE) (main circuit 30 min, between 40 and 59% of Heart Rate Reserve: HRR) and High-Intensity Interval exercise (HIIE) running protocols (main circuit 20 min, between 75 and 90% of the HRR for 1 min*10 times, and 1-min active rest at 30% of the HRR) was applied to the volunteer participants in the morning hours (08.00-10.00 a.m.), following the night fasting (at least 8-10 h) for at least 3 days between each other. Blood samples were collected from the participants before and immediately after each exercise protocol, and serum asprosin and BDNF hormone levels were determined by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. Basal serum asprosin was found to be significantly higher in the Ob group compared to the NW group (p < .001), while the basal serum BDNF hormone was found to be lower (p < 0.05). It was observed that the serum asprosin level of both groups decreased significantly after both AE and HIIE protocols (p < 0.05). In addition, there was a significantly higher decrease in serum asprosin level in the Ob group compared to the NW group after HIIE protocol. For the Ob group, serum BDNF level increased considerably after HIIE protocol compared to AE protocol (p < 0.05). Serum asprosin was found to be higher in the Ob group, while the serum BDNF was found to be lower. In addition, the acute exercises of different intensity significantly affected hormones that regulate appetite metabolism. In particular, it was observed that the HIIE protocol had a greater effect on the regulation of appetite (hunger-satiety) in the Ob group. This result can be taken into account when planning training programs for these individuals.Öğe Acute effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching, massage and combine protocols on flexibility,vertical jump and hand grip strength performance in kickboxers(Iermakov S S, 2022) Eken, Ozgur; Bayer, RamazanBackground and Study Aim Strength, power and flexibility are among the features that provide advantage against the opponent in kick boxers. There are many factors that can affect the development of these parameters in a positive and negative way before the competition. These factors may differ according to the type and intensity of warm-up and stretching exercises, depending on psychological and physiological conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching, massage, PNF+massage on flexibility, vertical jump and hand grip strength performance in kickboxers. Material and Methods The sample group of the study consisted of 12 men (age: 18.50 +/- 0.97 years, height: 161.60 +/- 4.47 cm, body weight: 62.20 +/- 9.07 kg, BMI: 23.77 +/- 2.63), who did kick-box regularly for at least 3 years. This group performed 4 different stretching and warm up protocols on non-consecutive days. Warm up and stretching protocols were determined as follows: light jogging for only 5 minutes (NSM), PNF stretching (PNF), massage (M), PNF stretching+massage (PNF+M). After warm up and stretching protocols, participants completed vertical jump, flexibility and hand grip strength. Results There was a significant improvement on flexibility performance in order from low to high respectively NSM, PNF, PNF+M, M. Moreover, there was a significant difference between NSM and PNF, NSM and M, NSM and PNF+M in flexibility (p<.05). There was a significant difference between PNF and PNF+M, M and PNF+M in favour of PNF+M in vertical jump (p<.05). There was a significant decrease in right- and left-hand grip strength for all protocols. Conclusions As a result of the study, PNF and massage can be recommended to kickboxers before flexibility performance. However, PNF and massage are not recommended before activities that affect the lower extremity, such as strength and vertical jump.Öğe Acute effects of squat loading intensity on performance in competitive judo athletes(Nature Portfolio, 2026) Aydin, Savas; Eken, Ozgur; Aldhahi, Monira I.Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is used to acutely improve sport-specific performance, yet the optimal loading strategy for complex combat sports remains unclear. This randomized, counterbalanced crossover study investigated the acute effects of moderate- and maximal-load squat conditioning activities on judo-specific fitness among nationally competitive male judokas. All participants completed three sessions on separate days (>= 48 h apart): a control condition consisting of a standardized judo-specific warm-up only, an 80%-PAPE protocol (warm-up + 6 squats at 80% of 6RM), and a 100%-PAPE protocol (warm-up + 1 squat at 100% 1RM). After a 7-min passive recovery, athletes performed the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT). Data were analyzed using one-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc tests. The 80%-PAPE condition produced the greatest improvements in total throws and the SJFT index, whereas the 100%-PAPE condition did not enhance throw performance but improved 1-min heart rate recovery. These findings indicate that moderate-load PAPE provides a more favorable potentiation-fatigue balance for optimizing judo-specific performance under short recovery periods.Öğe Analyzing the Effect of Dancesport on Reducing Menopausal Symptoms and Increasing Quality of Life(OVS LLC, 2025) Kumaat, Noortje Anita; Sulistyarto, Soni; Dewi, Ratna Candra; Wahyudi, Heri; Sulistyana, Caturia Sasti; Susanto, Nugroho; Eken, OzgurBackground. The increasing popularity of dancesport is being observed worldwide, with Indonesia also embracing this trend. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of data to establish if dancesport can help with menopausal symptoms and enhance quality of life. Objectives. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a 12-week dancesport program on decreasing menopausal symptoms and improving quality of life. Materials and methods. A quasi-experimental design was used with a pretest-posttest method. The study included 30 women who had gone through menopause and were between the ages of 54 and 63. The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to evaluate the quality of life, and the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) was employed to assess the severity of menopausal symptoms. The program involved a 12-week dance course, meeting twice a week for 60 minutes per session, including cha-cha, salsa, rumba, hip-hop, and waltz dances. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 24, beginning with descriptive statistics, then progressing to normality testing using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and finally paired samples t-tests. Results. The findings indicated a noteworthy influence of the 12-week dancesport intervention on menopausal symptoms and quality of life, with a significance level of 0.000 (< 0.05). Conclusions. The study found that dancesport is beneficial for postmenopausal women by improving symptoms and quality of life, suggesting further research into the impact of these programs on men experiencing andropause-related changes. © Kumaat, N. A., Sulistyarto, S., Dewi, R. C., Wahyudi, H., Sulistyana, C. S., Susanto, N., Eken, O., & Purwoto, S. P., 2025.Öğe Association between 2D:4D ratios and sprinting, change of direction ability, aerobic fitness, and cumulative workloads in elite youth soccer players(Bmc, 2023) Nobari, Hadi; Eken, Ozgur; Prieto-Gonzalez, Pablo; Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, Joao PauloBackgroundThe aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to determine the correlation between 2D:4D, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), body fat percentage (BF%), maximum heart rate (HRmax), change of direction (COD), and accumulated acute and chronic workload variables; (ii) to verify if the length of the second digit divided by fourth digit (2D:4D) can explain fitness variables and accumulated training load.MethodsTwenty elite young football players (age: 13.26 +/- 0.19 years; height: 165.8 +/- 11.67 cm; body mass: 50.70 +/- 7.56 kg; VO2max, 48.22 +/- 2.29 ml.kg(- 1).min(- 1)) participated in the present study. Anthropometric and body composition variables (e.g., height, body mass, sitting height, age, BF%, body mass index, right and left finger 2D:4D ratios) were measured. The following fitness tests were also conducted: 30 - 15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VO2max and HRmax), COD (5-0-5 agility test), and speed (10-30msprint test. HRmax and the training load were also measured and monitored using the Rate of Perceived Exertion during the 26 weeks.ResultsThere were associations between HRmax and VO2max, between 2D and 4D lengths and Left and Right hand ratios. Also, in AW with Right and Left 4D. The CW and de ACWR with the Right 4D. There were other associations between physical test variables and workload variables.ConclusionsUnder-14 soccer players with low right and left-hand 2D:4D ratios did not perform better in the selected fitness tests to assess VO2max, COD, or sprint ability. However, it cannot be ruled out that the absence of statistically significant results may be related to the small sample size and the maturational heterogeneity of the participants.Öğe Association between pediatric obesity and foot morphology: insights from a large-scale cross-sectional study using photogrammetry(Bmc, 2025) Buyukcelebi, Hakan; Acak, Mahmut; Eken, Ozgur; Doganer, Adem; Ozen, Gokmen; Ardigo, Luca PaoloBackground Childhood obesity is a critical public health concern with implications for musculoskeletal development. Foot posture abnormalities-particularly pes planus-may be associated with obesity and could serve as early diagnostic indicators. Aim This study investigated the relationship between foot posture and obesity in children aged 4-14 years using non-invasive assessment methods. Materials and methods A total of 7,908 children (mean age: 8.7 +/- 2.9 years; 51.2% male) were assessed using photogrammetry and the Staheli Arch Index, along with the Jack Test to classify foot posture. BMI categories and foot posture types were statistically compared. Results Rigid pes planus was found in 9.6% of children, flexible pes planus in 7.8%, and high arch in 3.8%. Among overweight and obese children, the prevalence of rigid pes planus was significantly higher (p < 0.001). Logistic regression revealed that rigid pes planus increased the risk of obesity by 7.2 times (OR = 7.156; 95% CI: 5.179-9.887). Conclusion Rigid pes planus is strongly associated with obesity in children. Foot posture screening, especially in early childhood, may serve as a valuable tool for identifying children at risk for obesity-related complications and guiding early preventive interventions.Öğe The Association of Gene Polymorphisms Linked to Caffeine Use with Athletic Performance(Gazi Univ, Fac Med, 2023) Yildirim, Selin; Bulgay, Celal; Ergun, Mehmet Ali; Eken, Ozgur; Ceylan, Halil Ibrahim; Nobari, Hadi; Cerit, MesutCaffeine's use as a performance-enhancing supplement among professional athletes progressively increased after it was taken off the World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) list of banned substances. The present review looks at the interactions caused by different levels of caffeine ergogenicity in athletes and gene polymorphisms that affect caffeine ergogenic effect in the current literature. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the studies available in the literature and the respective study results have evaluated caffeine ergogenicity in athletes and gene polymorphisms. The search for studies was performed through five databases. Individual responses to caffeine consumption may differ from person to person due to multigene and multifactorial interactions. Adenosine A2A receptor (ADORA2A) and Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) are two genes thought to have the most effects on caffeine's ergogenicity. The function of these two genes accounts for most inter-individual variations in studies after caffeine ingestion. Based on the findings, it is understood that the contribution of caffeine use to individual performance development varies over time due to changes in both environmental and epigenetic interactions, as well as parameters such as circadian rhythm, training loads, nutritional routine, habitual caffeine use, drug intake, expectation, time of consumption, and heredity. As a result, individual caffeine responses are highly complex and involve multiple modifiers.Öğe Associations among Maturity, Accumulated Workload, Physiological, and Body Composition Factors in Youth Soccer Players: A Comparison between Playing Positions(Mdpi, 2022) Nobari, Hadi; Eken, Ozgur; Prieto-Gonzalez, Pablo; Brito, Joao Paulo; Oliveira, RafaelSimple Summary Considering the importance of the biological statuses of young soccer players, maturity offset could be essential for better physiological and body composition characterization of young athletes, and consequently, better load adjustment. Moreover, the knowledge about playing position differences and maturity statuses would increase the knowledge available to prescribe the proper intensity in training. Therefore, the present study examined the relationship among maturation variables such as peak height velocity, maturity offset, body composition, sprint ability, heart rate, and maximal oxygen consumption measures with variations in accumulated training loads in elite young soccer players. The main findings revealed that playing position did not influence any body composition measures, but there were differences in sprinting where central midfielders showed higher abilities. In addition, the maturity statuses and maximal oxygen consumptions were not positively associated with accumulated loads across the season. In opposition to previous research, the present study did not confirm the expected results, which suggests that the research could be influenced by the characteristics and environments of the soccer teams. The purposes of this study were: (i) to analyze the correlation between accumulated workload (AW)-based on season periods-with maturity, linear sprints, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximum heart rate, and body composition; and (ii) to compare the playing positions based on the mentioned parameters. Twenty-one elite soccer players under the age of 14 participated in the study. They were divided into five groups based on playing positions. The in-season weekly AW was recorded for 26 weeks into two separated periods of 13 weeks (AW-1 and AW-2). Similarly, the following parameters were assessed: body mass, standing and sitting height, body mass index, body fat percentage, maturity offset, age at peak height velocity (PHV), sprinting ability (10 m and 30 m), and VO2max. The main significant differences between playing positions were found for weight, height, sitting height, and sprinting at 10 m and 30 m. No correlation was observed between AW (based on periods) and maturity or between VO2max and AW-2. AW-1 denoted a large positive correlation with AW-2. AW-1 had a moderate negative correlation with VO2max, whereas PHV and maturity presented a strong negative correlation. Young soccer players' maturity statuses and fitness levels do not imply differences between AW-1 and AW-2. However, the higher the AW in the first half of the season, the higher the AW in the second half. The absence of significant differences between player positions could be associated with the similar training regardless of the playing position. Moreover, soccer positively influences performance in short sprints (10 m), midfielders being the fastest.Öğe Athletic performance, sports experience, and exercise addiction: an association study on ANKK1 gene polymorphism rs1800497(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Bayraktar, Isik; Cepicka, Ladislav; Barasinska, Magdalena; Kazan, Hasan Huseyin; Zorba, Erdal; Ergun, Mehmet Ali; Eken, OzgurIntroduction: Exercise addiction is a phenomenon being able to affecting the athletic performance. The gene, ANKK1 and the polymorphism NM_178510.2:c.2137G > A (rs1800497) has been linked to the exercise addiction. However, further studies on diverse populations and sport branches are needed to totally explore the possible association of this polymorphism with the athletic performance. Thus, the present study aims to decipher any possible relations of the rs1800497 polymorphism with the athletic performance/personal best (PB) and sport experience of elite athletes. Methods: Sixty volunteer elite athletes (31 sprint/power and 29 endurance) and 20 control/sedentary participated in the study. The polymorphism was genotyped using whole exome sequencing approach and PB were determined according to the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) score. Results: Our results underlined that there were not any significance differences for both allele and genotype frequencies between the groups in terms of athletic performance, although the frequency of allele G was higher (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, sport experience significantly associated with the rs1800496 polymorphism (p < 0.05). Discussion: In conclusion, genotype G/G could be inferred to be linked to the higher sport experience and athletic performance. Still, further studies with higher number of participants are needed to conclude the association of this polymorphism with athletic parameters.Öğe Chronotype as a predictor of athletic performance in youth with mild intellectual disabilities(Frontiers Media Sa, 2024) Kurtoglu, Ahmet; Eken, Ozgur; Tuerkmen, Musa; Car, Bekir; Setiawan, Edi; Yermakhanov, Baglan; Alotaibi, Madawi H.Aim This study aimed to explore the influence of circadian rhythms on athletic performance in individuals with mild intellectual disabilities (ID), with a specific focus on elucidating the association between chronotype and various performance metrics. Methods The study was a cross-sectional study consisting of 30 male participants aged between 11 and 19 years and diagnosed with mild ID. The chronotypes of all participants were assessed using the Childhood Chronotype Questionnaire (CCQ). Performance assessments were divided into three groups. Group A tests [sit and reach, medicine ball throw (MBT), plank], group B tests [handgrip strength (HGS), standing long jump (SLJ), 20-m sprint (20 ms)] and group C tests [vertical jump (VJ), hanging with bent arm (HBA), Illinois agility test) in order to ensure adequate rest periods between tests and not to affect the results. These group tests were performed 48 h apart, between 09:00-10:00 and 17:00-18:00, after a dynamic warm-up session. Results Significant variations were observed in the sit-and-reach test (t = -4.154, d = -0.75, p < .001), HGS (t = -2.484, d = -0.45, p = .019), SLJ (t = -2.117, d = -0.38, p = .043), VJ (t = -5.004, d = -0.91, p < .001), and plank duration (t = -4.653, d = -0.84, p < .001). Evening performances showed improvement in MBT, HBA, 20 ms, and the Illinois agility test, although these differences were not statistically significant (p > .05). Notably, positive correlations were identified between participants' chronotypes and their performance in HBA (morning/evening; r = .693, p = .026; r = .656, p = .039, respectively) and the plank (evening; r = .717, p = .020), with negative correlations noted in the 20 ms (morning/evening; r = -.703, p = .023; r = -.710, p = .021, respectively). Conclusion The findings suggest that individuals with mild ID exhibit enhanced athletic performance during evening hours. These insights underscore the importance of considering chronotype in tailoring exercise interventions for this population to optimize outcomes.Öğe Comparison of echocardiographic parameters of amputee football players with active football players and sedentary individuals(Bmc, 2023) Kurtoglu, Ahmet; Kurtoglu, Ertugrul; Konar, Nurettin; Car, Bekir; Eken, Ozgur; Prieto-Gonzalez, Pablo; Nobari, HadiBackgroundThe purpose of this study is to compare the echocardiographic (ECHO) parameters of amputee football players (AF) with those of athletes without a disability (football players) (FP), and sedentary individuals (SI).MethodsA total of 37 male participants (nAF = 12, nFP = 12, nSI = 13) were included in the study. All participants underwent a transthoracic echocardiographic examination. Aortic diameter in systole (ADs), aortic diameter in diastole (ADd), isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), early (E) and late (A) wave velocities, myocardial systolic (S), early diastolic (E'), and late diastolic (A') myocardial rates, interventricular septal thickness (IVS), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVDd) and left ventricular end-systole diameter (LVDs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWd), left atrial diameter (LAD), and ascending aortic diameter (AAD) were measured.ResultsLVDd, E' were lower in AF than in FP. In contrast, LVDs, LVPWd, and A wave were higher in AF than in FP. When AF and SI groups were compared, ADs, LVPWd, A wave, IVRT, and S wave were higher in AF than in SI. ANOVA test showed a statistically significant difference between groups in LVPWd, A-wave, and E' wave. TTE data indicate that some parameters in AF differ from those observed in healthy individuals. The smaller LVEED diameter and higher PWT were found in AF.ConclusionsAlthough within normal limits, some ECHO parameters in the AF group differed from those without disability. Future studies should further investigate these differences using different and detailed measurement methods.Öğe Deep learning for gender estimation using hand radiographs: a comparative evaluation of CNN models(Bmc, 2025) Ulubaba, Hilal Er; Atik, Ipek; Ciftci, Rukiye; Eken, Ozgur; Aldhahi, Monira I.BackgroundAccurate gender estimation plays a crucial role in forensic identification, especially in mass disasters or cases involving fragmented or decomposed remains where traditional skeletal landmarks are unavailable. This study aimed to develop a deep learning-based model for gender classification using hand radiographs, offering a rapid and objective alternative to conventional methods.MethodsWe analyzed 470 left-hand X-ray images from adults aged 18 to 65 years using four convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures: ResNet-18, ResNet-50, InceptionV3, and EfficientNet-B0. Following image preprocessing and data augmentation, models were trained and validated using standard classification metrics: accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. Data augmentation included random rotation, horizontal flipping, and brightness adjustments to enhance model generalization.ResultsAmong the tested models, ResNet-50 achieved the highest classification accuracy (93.2%) with precision of 92.4%, recall of 93.3%, and F1 score of 92.5%. While other models demonstrated acceptable performance, ResNet-50 consistently outperformed them across all metrics. These findings suggest CNNs can reliably extract sexually dimorphic features from hand radiographs.ConclusionsDeep learning approaches, particularly ResNet-50, provide a robust, scalable, and efficient solution for gender prediction from hand X-ray images. This method may serve as a valuable tool in forensic scenarios where speed and reliability are critical. Future research should validate these findings across diverse populations and incorporate explainable AI techniques to enhance interpretability.Öğe Deep Learning for Sex Estimation from Whole-Foot X-Rays: Benchmarking CNNs for Rapid Forensic Identification(Mdpi, 2025) Ciftci, Rukiye; Atik, Ipek; Eken, Ozgur; Aldhahi, Monira I.Background: Accurate sex estimation is crucial in forensic identification when DNA analysis is impractical or remains are fragmented. Traditional anthropometric approaches often rely on single bone measurements and yield moderate levels of accuracy. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for automated sex estimation using entire foot radiographs, an approach rarely explored. Methods: Digital foot radiographs from 471 adults (238 men, 233 women, aged 18-65 years) without deformities or prior surgery were retrospectively collected at a single tertiary center. Six CNN architectures (AlexNet, ResNet-18, ResNet-50, ShuffleNet, GoogleNet, and InceptionV3) were trained using transfer learning (70/15/15 train-validation-test split, data augmentation). The model performance was assessed using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F1-score. Results: InceptionV3 achieved the highest accuracy (97.1%), surpassing previously reported methods (typically 72-89%), with balanced sensitivity (97.5%) and specificity (96.8%). ResNet-50 followed closely (95.7%), whereas simpler networks, such as AlexNet, underperformed (90%). Conclusions: Deep learning applied to whole-foot radiographs delivers state-of-the-art accuracy for sex estimation, enabling rapid, reproducible, and cost-effective forensic identification when DNA analysis is delayed or unavailable, such as in mass disasters or clinical emergency settings.Öğe Differences in Archery Skill Results for Vocational School Students and Beginners Based on Shooting Distance(Federacion Espanola Asoc Docentes Educacion Fisica-Feadef, 2024) Mulyanti, Cholimah; Prasetyo, Yudik; Sumarjo; Setyawan, Hendra; Kurniawan, Ari Wibowo; Shidiq, Abdul Aziz Purnomo; Eken, OzgurThis research aims to examine differences in archery skill scores for Vocational High School (SMK) students among beginners based on the shooting target distance factors of 5 meters, 10 meters, and accumulated distances of 5 and 10 meters. The sample for this research was 16 male and female students from classes XA, XB and XIA, taken using the cluster random sampling method. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and inferential factorial one-way Anova. One-way anova test results Sig. 0.030 < 0.05 means there is a significant difference in the average of the three students' archery skill score results at a distance of 5 m, a distance of 10 m, and an accumulated distance of 5 and 10 m. First Post Hoc follow-up test Sig value. 0.088 > 0.05, meaning that there is no significant difference between the results of students' archery skills at a shooting distance of 5 m and a shooting distance of 10 m. Post Hoc followup test for both Sig values. 0.917 > 0.05, meaning that there is no significant difference in the results of students' archery skills at a shooting distance of 5 m with accumulated shooting distances of 5 and 10 m. Post Hoc follow-up test for the three Sig values. 0.036 > 0.05, meaning that the results of students' archery skills at a shooting distance of 10 m with an accumulated shooting distance of 5 and 10 m have a significant difference. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the average of the three students' archery skill score results at a distance of 5 m, a distance of 10 m, and an accumulated distance of 5 and 10. The findings of this study suggest the design of an archery training program for beginners, including consideration of starting from a shorter distance and gradually increasing the shooting distance, as well as carrying out various training techniques with a combination of exercises at various appropriate distances and giving priority to the consistency of technical movements and body posture. while archery.Öğe Differences in the Implementation of Physical Education (PE) Learning Management Based on Years of Work: Analysis of Differences in the Quality of Quality Assurance Culture(Federacion Espanola Asoc Docentes Educacion Fisica-Feadef, 2024) Mardiyah, Siti Umi Khayatun; Setyawan, Hendra; Garcia-Jimenez, Josevicente; Eken, Ozgur; Latino, Francesca; Pramoto, Nuridin Widya; Darmawan, AriefThis research aims to determine the implementation of Physical Education (PE) learning management related to 21stcentury skills based on the service length of PE teachers in various schools with different quality assurance cultures. The sample in this study was secondary school PE teachers in Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This research employed descriptive statistics and inferential factorial one-way Anova to analyze the data. One-way Anova test results in Sig. 0.009 < 0.05 means a significant difference in the average of the three PE learning outcomes between teachers with work periods of 1-7, 8-15, and 16 years or more. Firstly, the Tukey post hoc test Sig value is 0.024 < 0.05, meaning there is a difference in PE learning outcomes between 1-7 and 8-15 years of service. Testing the two Sig values is 0.983 > 0.05, meaning there is no difference in PE learning outcomes for working years 1-7 and 16 years and above. Test the three Sig values. 0.016 < 0.05, so there is a difference in PE learning outcomes between 8-15 and 16 years of service. This research concludes a significant difference in the average PE learning achievement between teachers with tenure of 1-7, 8-15, and 16 years or over. Thus, it can be concluded that the service length of PE teachers influences the effectiveness of implementing learning management containing 21st -century skills. Teaching experience plays a role in implementing teaching methods and techniques that suit the demands of 21st -century skills, including critical thinking, collaboration, communication, and creativity. This underlines the importance of continuous professional development for teachers, especially in improving teaching skills relevant to the student's needs in the current era of the 21st century. The results of this research can assist policymakers, school administrators, and teachers in designing and implementing more effective PE programs in classroom conditions and prioritizing needs according to the conditions of each school.Öğe The effect of chronic leg press exercises on hamstring muscle length and different vertical jump performance(Iermakov S S, 2024) Kurhan, Sebiha; Kurtoglu, Ahmet; Kurhan, Cihad Onur; Eken, Ozgur; Car, BekirBackground and Study Aim As it is known, chronic resistance exercises cause limitations in some joints and this negatively affects the normal range of motion. In the present study, it was aimed to analyse the quadriceps -hamstring balance by analysing different vertical jump performances after six weeks of leg press exercise. Material and Methods Eleven university students aged between 18-30 years were included in this study. The hamstring muscle length, 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) leg press performance were analysed before and after six weeks of leg press exercise. In addition, the vertical jump performances of the participants were analysed with My Jump 2 software programme. In this study, counter movement jumps (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) performances of the participants were determined. Results According to the findings, 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) leg press performance and hamstring length of the participants improved significantly (t=-7.609, ES: -2.29, p<.001; t=-2.540, -0.76, p=.029, respectively). CMJ and SJ parameters of the participants did not change (p<0.05). It was concluded that the lengthened hamstring length after the leg press exercise programme had a positive relationship with vertical jump height (r=0.656, p=0.028), flight duration (r=0.663, p=0.026), speed (r=0.657, p=0.028), and average speed (r=0.669, p=0.024). These relationships were observed among CMJ parameters following the exercise programme. Likewise, a positive correlation was found between hamstring length, which lengthened after the leg press exercise programme, and vertical jump height (r=0.625, p=0.040), flight duration (r=0.646, p=0.032), speed (r=0.646, p=0.032), and average speed (r=0.637, p=0.035). These correlations were identified among the SJ parameters after the exercise. Conclusions As a result, it was determined that chronic leg press exercises positively affected hamstring muscle length and muscle strength. Different vertical jump performances such as CMJ and SJ did not change. However, the relationship between hamstring length and vertical jump parameters is interesting.Öğe The effect of time of day on Special Judo Fitness Test in active judokas: Evaluation in terms of chronotype(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Eken, Ozgur; Ceylan, Halil Ibrahim; Kurtoglu, Ahmet; Simenko, JozefThe present cross-sectional study aims to examine the effect of time of day on the judo-specific performance in judokas, considering their chronotypes. Twenty-four male judokas participated in the study where the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire was administered, and on it, they were divided into morning-type (MT:12-judokas) and evening-type groups (ET:12-judokas). Afterwards, the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) was applied to both groups at three different times (morning: 09:00 h, afternoon: 13:00 h and evening: 17:00 h) with body temperature measured before and after every SJFT performance. As a result, the Group*Test Time interaction significantly affected overall throwing performance during SJFT [F(2,44) = 29.437, p = 0.001, eta 2p: .572]. Furthermore, a significant time effect was found for the SJFT index [F(2,44) = 5.118, p = 0.010, eta 2p: .189] and for the Group*Test Time interaction with the mean value of the index [F(2,44) = 24.424, p < 0.001, eta 2p: .526]. Furthermore, body temperature had a significant time effect [F(2,44) = 301.454, p < 0.001, eta 2p: .932] and the Group*Test Time interaction [F(2,44) = 5.802, p = 0.006, eta 2p: .209]. In conclusion, coaches and exercise experts should consider judo athletes' chronotype when planning special training programs to improve judo-specific anaerobic capacity. Furthermore, to minimize the impact of time of day and chronotype on athletes' performance in competitions, it is recommended that MT athletes develop their judo-specific anaerobic capacity in the evening hours, when their performance is lower, while ET athletes should do so in the morning hours when their performance is lower via randori training.
