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Öğe 6 Şubat 2023 Tarihli Kahramanmaraş Depremleri Sonrasında Betonarme Yapıların İncelenmesi: Malatya İli Saha Çalışması(2024) Ekinci, EnesBir deprem ülkesi olan Türkiye’de 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Doğu Anadolu Fay Hattı’nda meydana gelen iki büyük deprem sonrasında 50,000’i aşkın insanımız hayatını kaybetmiş ve insanlar birçok sosyo-ekonomik problemler ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Kahramanmaraş’a bağlı Pazarcık ve Elbistan’da Mw 7.7 ve Mw 7.6 büyüklüklerde meydana gelen iki büyük deprem ülkemiz yüzölçümünün yaklaşık %14’üne, nüfusunun ise yaklaşık %16,4’üne tekabül edecek şekilde 11 ilimizi doğrudan etkilemiştir. 2022 yılı verilerine göre, depremden etkilenen bu illerde konut sayısı yaklaşık 5,6 milyon civarında olup, yarım milyondan fazla binanın ise hasar gördüğü belirlenmiştir. Meydana gelen bu depremler bu denli yüksek bir etki alanına sahip olması nedeniyle asrın felaketi olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, depremlerin en çok etkilediği illerden birisi olan Malatya’da gerçekleştirilen saha araştırmasından elde edilen bulguların sunulması amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda; yıkılan, hasar alan veya hasar alması olası görülen yapılarda gözlenen en temel sorunlar; zemin taşıma gücü düşük olan bölgelerde gerçekleştirilen inşa faaliyetleri, işçilik hataları, hatalı yapı tasarımları, bina yaşı, bitişik nizam imar planı (özellikle kat seviyelerinin farklı olması) ve oldukça düşük beton kalitesi olarak sıralanabilir.Öğe Bakteri esaslı kendini onarma sisteminin geopolimer hamur ve harçların performansına etkisi(İnönü Üniversitesi, 2022) Ekinci, EnesBu çalışmada öğütülmüş yüksek fırın cürufu (YFC) kullanılarak üretilen geopolimer hamur ve harç örneklerinin çeşitli performans özelliklerine Bacillus subtilis ilavesinin etkileri araştırılmıştır. Ön deneyler kapsamında, farklı geopolimer hamur numunesi içeriği ve kür ortamları gibi parametreler dikkate alınarak, toplam 10 grup numunenin analizleri yapılmıştır. Ön deneylerin tamamlanmasının ardından, ana deneylerde kullanılacak numune içeriği belirlenmiştir. İyileştirici madde olarak Bacillus subtilis tip bakterilerin kullanıldığı bu çalışmada, bakteri kültürleri, 107 ve 109 CFU/mL olmak üzere iki farklı konsantrasyonda üretilmiştir. Ayrıca, bakteri/bağlayıcı oranı ise % 1, 2 ve 3 olarak seçilmiştir. Yalnızca sodyum silikat (Na2SiO3) kullanılarak aktive edilen geopolimer kompozitler için, toplam sıvı/bağlayıcı oranı geopolimer hamur örneklerinde 0.4, geopolimer harç örneklerinde ise 0.55 olarak sabit tutulmuştur. Bakteri sıvı kültürlerinin taze karışımlara direkt olarak eklendiği tüm örnekler, ilk 7 gün laboratuvar şartlarında kür edilmiş, 7. günün sonunda ise üç farklı kür ortamına (çökeltme ortamı, su kürü ve ortam koşulları) bırakılmıştır. Taze ve sertleşmiş durumdaki geopolimer kompozitler üzerinde bakteri konsantrasyonu, bakteri dozajı ve kür şartlarının etkisini incelemek amacıyla birçok mekanik, geçirimlilik ve durabilite testleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, mikrobiyal kaynaklı kendini onarma mekanizmasının geopolimer kompozitlerin performansını önemli ölçüde arttırdığını ortaya koymuştur. Bakteri dozajı açısından optimum değerler ise geopolimer hamur örneklerde %1, geopolimer harç örneklerde ise %3 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, ayrıca, bakterilerin karışıma direkt olarak ilave edilmesi halinde, verimli bir kendini onarma işlemimin ancak üre ve kalsiyum içeren uygun bir kür ortamı (çökeltme ortamı) ile sağlanabileceğini göstermiştir. Öte yandan, elde edilen tüm deney sonuçları, mikro yapısal gözlemler ile doğrulanmıştır. Kendini onarma yeteneğine sahip olduğu düşünülen tüm grup örneklerin SEM görüntüleri belirgin kalsiyum karbonat (CaCO3) oluşumlarını göstermiştir. Benzer şekilde, EDS analizi sonuçları da bu örnek gruplarında CaCO3 oluşumuna işaret eden üç ana elementin (Ca, C ve O) yüksek atomik oranlarda yer aldığını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Ayrıca XRD analizi sonuçları kendini onaran geopolimer harç örneklerinde belirgin kalsit piklerinin varlığını doğrulamıştır.Öğe Effect of binder dosage and the use of waste rubber fiber on the mechanical and durability performance of geopolymer concrete(Elsevier, 2022) Yolcu, Abdurrahman; Karakoc, Mehmet Burhan; Ekinci, Enes; Ozcan, Ahmet; Sagir, Mehmet AkifThis paper was designed to find solutions to the fact that the availability of natural aggregates in accordance with the standards used in concrete is gradually decreasing, the environmental problems caused by cement threaten our future, and the recycling of used tire waste is very difficult. The effects of three different binder dosages (300, 400 and 500 kg/m(3)) on the mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer concrete (GPC) samples were investigated in binder contents consisting of 98% granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and 2% nano silica. As for the aggregate composition, natural sand was used as the fine aggregate, while the waste rubber fibers (WRF) were substituted in different proportions (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%) of the coarse aggregate by volume. Following the solid part was obtained as described, the alkaline activation of GPC specimens was provided using a 12 M NaOH solution. At the end of 28-day curing period, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, impact resistance, capillary permeability and elevated temperature performance properties were investigated in detail and the results obtained from the mentioned tests were also confirmed by microstructural analysis. Experimental findings revealed that the increase in binder dosage resulted in significant increases in all of the mechanical properties, and it was speculated that this was due to the formation of a denser and more compact microstructure compared to their counterparts produced using lower binder dosage. Besides the negative effects of WRF usage on compressive strength and resistance of elevated temperature, the other performance criteria such as flexural strength, impact resistance and splitting tensile strength values of GPC samples significantly improved with the usage of WRF. As a result, experimental findings demonstrated that the usage of waste rubber fibers in the production of GPC was advantageous in terms of some mechanical and durability properties.Öğe Effect of silica fume and waste rubber on the performance of slag-based geopolymer mortars under high temperatures(Ernst & Sohn, 2023) Sagir, Mehmet Akif; Karakoc, Mehmet Burhan; Ozcan, Ahmet; Ekinci, Enes; Yolcu, AbdurrahmanIn this study, the fire resistance of slag-based geopolymer mortars was investi-gated and the effect of silica fume (SF) and waste rubber (WR) on this resistance was determined. In slag-based geopolymer mortars activated using 12M NaOH solution, 0%, 5%, and 10% by weight SF was substituted for slag; 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% WR by volume were substituted for fine aggregate. The samples that completed the curing period were exposed to temperatures of 250 degrees C, 500 degrees C, and 750 degrees C for 1 h, and the mechanical (compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strengths, and impact resistance), physical (weight change and sorptivity) and microstructure (scanning electron microscopy [SEM] and energy dispersive spectroscopy [EDS]) properties of these samples were examined. The compres-sive strengths of the samples without WR were between 48.10 and 60.97 MPa, and the samples without SF were between 28.52 and 48.10 MPa. Strength losses at 750 degrees C were between 51.5% and 73.5%. As the SF substitution increased, the samples' mechanical and physical properties improved, whereas as the WR sub-stitution increased, the samples' mechanical and physical properties declined. While the SF substitution had a positive effect on the fire resistance of the sam -ples, the WR substitution had a negative effect. It is thought that the choice of geopolymer binder as a binder in the mortar and the use of waste tires as aggre-gate contribute to the literature in terms of both preventing environmental pollution and ensuring the recycling of these materials.Öğe The effects of different production parameters (NaOH concentration, curing regime and replacement ratio of recycled aggregate) on fresh, hardened and elevated temperature performance of geopolymer mortar samples(Elsevier, 2023) Ekinci, EnesThis paper presents the findings of objective to examine the effects of construction and demoli-tion wastes (CDW) as fine aggregate on the performance of geopolymer mortar (GPM) specimens. In order to examine the effect of NaOH concentration on the performance of GPM samples, NaOH solutions with 3 different concentrations (8, 10 and 12 M) were prepared. GPM samples, in which the fine aggregate part was formed by replace of natural aggregate (NA) and CDW at three differ-ent ratios (0%, 50% and 100%), were cured in water and ambient conditions for 7 and 28 days. The alkali liquid/binder ratio was not determined as a variable and was kept constant at 0.6 for all GPM samples. Subsequently, compressive strength, workability, water absorption, unit weight and high temperature performance on GPM specimens were investigated in detail. All of these ex-perimental parameters were also supported by microstructural analysis (scanning electron mi-croscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)). The results showed that the compressive strength values of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) based GPM samples can be increased up to 105% in case of choosing of water curing instead of curing in ambient conditions. It was determined that the increase in NaOH concentration de-creased the compressive strength values of GPM samples. Furthermore, experimental findings re-vealed that although CDW had a negative impact on the performance of GPM samples, it could still find potential usage area in the geopolymer production. On the other hand, the increases in NaOH concentration and CDW usage ratio led to decreased workability of GPM samples. Finally, it was underlined that the mechanical and physical characteristics of GPM samples decreased sharply with the increasing elevated temperature values (especially at 750 & DEG;C).Öğe Enhancing acid resistance of geopolymer concrete composites by utilising styrene-butadiene latex, nano-silica and micro-silica powder(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Kantarci, Fatih; Turkmen, Ibrahim; Ekinci, EnesThe acid resistance of geopolymer binder, a promising alternative to ordinary Portland cement with clean technology option, needs detailed investigations for widespread use in different applications and severe acidic conditions. The aim of this work is to enhance acid resistance of geopolymer concretes (GPCs) by employing styrene-butadiene latex (SBL), nano-silica (NS) and micro-silica (MS) powders. The residual compressive strength, weight loss, visual appearance and microstructure properties of GPC samples were evaluated after exposed to hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions with different concentrations (3%, 5% and 7%) for 90 and 180 days. The addivites increase residual compressive strength by preventing acid liquids to ingress the interior areas thanks to additional pozzolanic and filler effect leading to more compact and denser microstructure. Any apparent damage was not observed at the outer surface of GPC specimens.Öğe The improvement of mechanical, physical and durability characteristics of volcanic tuff based geopolymer concrete by using nano silica, micro silica and Styrene-Butadiene Latex additives at different ratios(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Ekinci, Enes; Turkmen, Ibrahim; Kantarci, Fatih; Karakoc, Mehmet BurhanThis study aims to the improvement of volcanic tuff-based geopolymer concrete (GPC) with the addition of nano silica (NS), micro silica (MS) and Styrene-Butadiene Latex (SBL) at the different ratios. For this purpose, incorporating of volcanic tuff with NS (1, 2, 3%), MS (1, 3, 5%) and SBL (5, 10, 15%) was provided. GPC samples were produced with two different activation method (Na2SiO3 + NaOH and sole NaOH). 28-day compressive strength, freeze-thaw (FT) resistance, microstructure, water absorption, density, bulk density and apparent porosity values of volcanic tuff-based GPC samples were investigated. The results indicated that the compressive strength of NaOH-activated samples was much higher than similar ones activated with Na2SiO3 + NaOH. In both activation methods, the optimum NS and SBL ratios were determined as 2% and 5%, respectively. Also, the optimum additive of MS ratio was determined 5% and 3% for Na2SiO3 + NaOH and sole NaOH-activated samples, respectively. As well as the highest compressive strength losses as a result of 300 FT cycles were observed in pure samples for both activation methods, Na2SiO3 + NaOH-activated samples exhibited better resistance to FT effect than similar ones activated with sole NaOH. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Improving elevated temperature performance of geopolymer concrete utilizing nano-silica, micro-silica and styrene-butadiene latex(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Kantarci, Fatih; Turkmen, Ibrahim; Ekinci, EnesGeopolymer binders (GPBs) have gained an increasing research potential in recent years due to their environmental, economic and durability advantages. This paper aims to improve elevated temperature performances of volcanic tuff (VT) based geopolymer concrete (GPC) by utilizing nano-silica (NS), micro-silica (MS) and styrene-butadiene latex (SBL). To this end, NS, MS and SBL additives were added to GPC samples at 2%, 2% and 5% ratios by weight of binder, respectively. GPB was obtained by activating ground VT with 12 M NaOH solution. Produced GPC samples were exposed to elevated temperatures (100, 300, 500 and 700 degrees C) for 1 h after reaching the target temperature. Changes in compressive strength, water absorption, visual appearance, weight and microstructure of GPC samples were investigated after the influence of elevated temperatures. The experimental findings displayed that compressive strength of GPCs increased up to 300 degrees C independently of the type of additive used, but higher temperatures than 300 degrees C caused decrease in compressive strength values. As a result of mechanical tests and microstructure investigations, it was determined that MS additive significantly increased the elevated temperature performance of GPCs. Additionally, color of GPC samples turned gray after elevated temperatures due to dehydration of GPB and microstructural transformations occurring in aggregates. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Influence of various factors on properties of geopolymer paste: A comparative study(Ernst & Sohn, 2020) Kantarci, Fatih; Turkmen, Ibrahim; Ekinci, EnesA comprehensive experimental study was conducted to investigate effect of different production parameters such as activator type, activator concentration and curing temperature on fresh and hardened properties of volcanic tuff based geopolymer paste (GP) samples. Volcanic tuff obtained from Nevsehir (Central Anatolia, Turkey) was ground to particle size less than 45 mu m, after that alkali activation process was provided with two type of alkali activators such as NaOH and NaOH+Na2SiO3(SH and SH + SS) solutions. Produced geopolymer samples were cured at different temperatures ranging from 23 to 150 degrees C. Compressive strength, setting time, hydration heat of GP samples were investigated. Additionally, microstructural investigations were performed with SEM and XRD analyzes. As a result of modification of experimental parameters, compressive strength development reached to 41.43 MPa was obtained from GP samples, which did not harden in laboratory conditions. It was also determined that the alkali activation of volcanic tuff with SH exhibited better mechanical and microstructural properties than alkali activation with SH + SS.Öğe Mechanical and durability characteristics of GGBS-based self-healing geopolymer mortar produced using by an endospore-forming bacterium(Elsevier, 2022) Ekinci, Enes; Turkmen, Ibrahim; Birhanli, EmreHealing process of the gaps and cracks in the structure of geopolymer binders, which have emerged as greener alternatives compared to their traditional Portland cement counterparts, is of great importance in terms of a long economic life. The application of the microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) method, which is the most striking of the various healing techniques applied to building materials, on geopolymer composites has been limited to a few successful studies. At this point, it is considered to be an important step to examine the effects of addition of bacteria on the mechanical and durability characteristics of geopolymer composites in detail. Therefore, this paper was designed to examine the effect of the usage of Bacillus subtilis on the mechanical and durability performance of ground blast furnace slag (GBFS)-based geopolymer mortar (GPM) specimens. In the GPM specimens activated with Na2SiO3, the total liquid/ binder ratio as 0.55 and the binder/fine aggregate ratio as 1:2 was kept constant. Bacterial cultures in liquid form prepared at different concentrations (109 and 107 CFU/mL) were added directly to the Na2SiO3 at 0, 1, 2 and 3% by weight of GBFS. GPM samples, which were prepared in seven different groups in total, were kept in three different curing mediums (precipitation medium, water and ambient conditions) from 7th day to the 28th day. After the curing period was over, the compressive strength, electrical resistivity, sulfate and acid resistance, capillary water absorption, splitting tensile strength and permeability properties were investigated on the GPM samples. In addition, the above-mentioned test results were confirmed by the microstructural analyzes performed. Experimental findings revealed that the optimum bacterial concentration and bacterial dosage values were 107 CFU/mL and 3%, respectively, in terms of both mechanical properties and durability performances. On the other hand, it was observed that all of the GPM specimens cured in precipitation medium (PM) and produced using bacteria had superior performances compared to their counterparts cured in water and ambient conditions. This situation clearly demonstrated that an effective self-healing process that will occur in GPM samples produced with the addition of bacteria directly could only be possible by creating a curing environment containing urea and calcium.Öğe Optimization of production parameters of geopolymer mortar and concrete: A comprehensive experimental study(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Kantarci, Fatih; Turkmen, Ibrahim; Ekinci, EnesGeopolymers are a new type of material offered as an alternative to traditional Portland cement. Geopolymers, produced by activation of natural and waste pozzolans with alkali activators such as NaOH (SH) and Na2O center dot 3SiO(2) (SS) solutions, have been widely supported and investigated due to environmental and economic advantages. In this study, a detailed experimental program was conducted to investigate the influence of activator type, activator concentration and curing temperature on mechanical and microstructural properties of volcanic tuff based geopolymer mortar (GPM) and concrete (GPC) samples. A total of 1080 GPM and GPC samples were produced and a number of parameters were investigated with 360 combinations. Maximum compressive strength was obtained as 37.09 MPa in 90-day samples in which the SH concentration was 16 M, activator/binder (a/b) ratio was 0.45 and the curing temperature was 120 degrees C. As a result of optimization of the production parameters, a considerable development in mechanical and microstructural properties of GPM and GPC samples was obtained. Experimental results demonstrated that alkali activation with sole SH bring about superior characteristics compared to alkali activation with SH + SS. Higher a/b ratio led to higher UPV values because of more dense and compact microstructure resulting from increase in gopolymerization reactions. This is also supported by compressive strength and microstructure findings. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Performance of self-healing geopolymer paste produced using Bacillus subtilis(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Ekinci, Enes; Turkmen, Ibrahim; Birhanli, EmreThis study examines the effects of the usage of bacteria as a self-healing agent on the geopolymer paste (GP) sample's characteristics. Examining the microbial self-healing capacity of geopolymer binders, which have many advantages over traditional Portland cement, is seen as an important and necessary step because of frequently studying innovative approaches on geopolymer samples. To carry out this investigation, GP samples produced using ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) were activated only with Na2SiO3. Bacillus subtilis was selected as the healing agent for the production of GP samples. As a result of the preliminary tests in which different variables (curing environment, sample content) were examined, it was decided what the sample content to be used in the main test processes. The bacterial suspensions were prepared at ratios of 107 and 109 CFU/mL. Bacterial samples prepared at two different cell densities were added to the mixture at 1, 2 and 3% by weight of the binder. The GP samples that cured under laboratory conditions until the end of the 7th day, were subjected to healing process in three different curing environments (water, air and precipitation medium consisting of urea, yeast extract and Ca (NO3)2.4H2O After the healing process was completed, the compressive strength, rheological behaviour, geopolymerization kinetics, physical properties, microstructural and visual examinations were performed. Experimental findings demonstrated that the self-healing mechanism resulting from the metabolic activity of Bacillus subtilis can be successfully applied in geopolymer composites in terms of high durability and mechanical properties.Öğe Production parameters of novel geopolymer masonry mortar in heritage buildings: Application in masonry building elements(Elsevier, 2023) Kutlusoy, Erkay; Maras, Muslum Murat; Ekinci, Enes; Rihawi, BaraaThe aim of this study is to develop an innovative high-strength restoration mortar using recycled materials as an alternative to the mortars used in historical buildings. Compressive strength tests were carried out on the samples and, according to the results, the mortar giving the highest strength was determined as the optimum mixture. The compressive strength, shear strength, displacement and load-carrying capacity values of the masonry units were tested by using the geopolymer mortar with the highest strength among the mortar samples produced. The novelty of this research is that geopolymer repair mortars were produced as an alternative to standard mortars and applied in masonry building units. The results showed that blast furnace slag and brick powder can effectively improve the compressive and bond strength of the geopolymer. In the compressive strength tests performed on the samples, much higher strength results were obtained with geopolymer historical building mortar than standard historical building mortar. In the compressive and shear strength performed on the masonry units, the geopolymer historical building mortar showed higher mechanical properties compared to the standard historical building mortars. When the compressive strength test results are compared, a strength of 1.8 times was observed in the masonry unit (GHB1) produced using geopolymer historical building mortar, compared to the masonry unit (HB1) produced with standard historical building mortar. As a result of the shear strength test, the masonry unit (GHK1) produced with geopolymer mortar demonstrated seven times more load carrying capacity than the masonry unit (HK1) elements produced with standard historical building mortar. Moreover, the masonry arch systems produced with standard historical building mortar showed close load bearing capacity with the geopolymer historical building mortar, but the masonry arch element produced with geopolymer mortar exhibited a more ductile behavior. It has been determined that the use of geopolymer mortars with recycled materials with increasing molarity in masonry arch elements improves the compressive strength and accelerates the geopolymerization mechanism. Innovative highstrength geopolymer mortars used in masonry walls provided good adhesion with the hollow brick, creating a compact structure.Öğe Volkanik tüf kullanılarak üretilen geopolimer betonların bazı mekanik ve fiziksel özelliklerinin araştırılması(İnönü Üniversitesi, 2017) Ekinci, EnesBu çalışmada, Nevşehir Yöresi'nden temin edilen volkanik tüfün geopolimer beton üretiminde kullanılabilirliği ve volkanik tüf kullanılarak üretilen geopolimer betonların bazı mekanik ve fiziksel özellikleri araştırılmıştır. İki farklı grup halinde üretilen geopolimer betonlardan; birinci grup silis modülü (Ms) 0.8 ve 0.6, ikinci grup ise 10, 12, 14 ve 16 M NaOH kullanılarak aktive edilmiştir. Her iki grup numunenin üretim aşamasında üç farklı kür sıcaklığı ve iki farklı alkali sıvı/bağlayıcı (w/b) oranı kullanılmıştır. Daha sonra, üretilen her iki grup numune için maksimum basınç dayanımına sahip olan numuneler belirlenmiş ve bu iki numuneye farklı oranlarda nano silika (%1, 2, 3), mikro silika (%1, 3, 5) ve Stiren-Bütadien (SB) Lateks katkısının (%5, 10, 15) etkisi incelenmiştir. Çeşitli katkılar ilave edilerek elde edilen geopolimer beton numunelerinin basınç dayanımı, donma çözülme (DÇ) dayanıklılığı, mikro yapıları, su emme ve yoğunluk gibi özellikleri incelenmiştir. Deney sonuçları, NaOH kullanılarak aktive edilen geopolimer betonların Ms kullanılarak aktive edilen benzerlerine göre daha yüksek basınç dayanım değerlerine sahip olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Birinci ve ikinci grup numuneler için optimum kür sıcaklık değerleri sırasıyla 105 °C ve 90 °C olarak elde edilmiştir. Her iki gruptaki numuneler için, w/b oranının 0,6'dan 0,5'e düşmesi basınç dayanımlarında düşüşe sebep olmuştur. Ayrıca, her iki gruptaki numunelerde katkısız geopolimer betonlara göre meydana gelen maksimum basınç dayanım artışının mikro silika katkıları ile sağlandığı belirlenmiştir. Diğer yandan, 300 DÇ çevrimi sonunda numunelerde gözlenen en yüksek basınç dayanım kayıpları her iki grupta da katkısız numunelerde gerçekleşmiştir. Taramalı Elektron Mikroskopu (SEM) analizi ve su emme deney sonuçları, mikro silika ilavesinin kompakt bir yapının oluşmasına yardımcı olduğunu göstermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Geopolimer beton, volkanik tüf, basınç dayanımı, donma- çözülme direnci, alkali aktivatör
