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    Investigating the relationship between digital citizenship levels and cyberbullying attitudes of university students
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2025) Karayol, Metin; Murathan, Talha; Erdogan, Ramazan; Akarsu, Mehmet; Bas, Muhammet; Norman, Goktug
    Background This study examines the relationship between the levels of digital citizenship and attitudes toward cyberbullying among prospective physical education and sports teachers.Methods This quantitative study adopted the relational survey model within its research framework. The sample consists of prospective physical education and sports teachers who studied in the Physical Education and Sports Teaching departments at universities during the 2022-23 academic year. The sample was determined using the convenience sampling method. The sample was administered a personal information form created by the researchers, as well as the Digital Citizenship Scale and the Cyberbullying Attitude Scale.Results According to the MANOVA results for the Digital Citizenship and Cyberbullying Attitude scales, significant differences were found in the Digital Law, Digital Rights and Responsibilities, Approval and Anxiety subscales based on gender. However, the Pearson correlation analysis revealed no significant relationship between age and the subscales of the Digital Citizenship and Cyberbullying Attitude scales. However, the Pearson correlation analysis of the Digital Citizenship and Cyberbullying Attitude subscales revealed significant positive and negative relationships.Conclusion The results of the path analysis of the digital citizenship scale and its subscales (identity concealment, enjoyment, approval and anxiety) showed that digital citizenship significantly predicted identity concealment, enjoyment, approval and anxiety.
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    The Effect of Citrulline Malate Supplement Applied in Addition to Fitness Trainings on Hormone Metabolism of Athletes
    (Jpms Publ, 2024) Tizar, Ercan; Erdogan, Ramazan; Tizar, Gonul Rezzan
    This research is to determine the effect of citrulline malate supplement applied in addition to fitness training on the hormonal metabolism of athletes. 30 male athletes (15 Control group, 15 Experimental group) who are in the fitness branch and regularly participate in the research group voluntarily participated. A four-week, ninety-minute fitness training program three days a week was applied to the research group. Blood samples were taken from the athletes in the research group twice, before the start of the training program and at the end of the training. ACTH, Cortisol and Total Testosterone levels were determined in the blood samples taken. SPSS package program was used in the analysis of the data. Significance was accepted as p<0.05. According to the research results; It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the pretestposttest values of the experimental group's ACTH, cortisol and total testosterone levels (p<0.05), while it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the pretest-posttest values of the control group's total testosterone levels ( p<0.05), there was no statistically significant difference between the pretest-posttest values of ACTH and cortisol levels (p>0.05). According to the comparisons between the groups; It was seen that there was a significant difference between the cortisol and total testosterone levels post-test values of the control and experimental groups (p<0.05), there was no significant difference between the pre-test values of ACTH pre-post-test, cortisol and total testosterone levels (p>0.05).. In conclusion; It has been observed that the citrulline malate supplement group applied in addition to the fitness training has a significant effect on the hormone metabolism and provides a greater increase compared to the group in which the fitness training is applied. In this context, we believe that the supplements to be applied in addition to routine training will contribute positively to the performance of the athletes.