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    1-Alkyl-1H-Benzimidazolium Sulfonates as Non-Competitive Inhibitors of Polyphenol Oxidase
    (Wiley, 2026) Ergun, Adem; Cikrikci, Kubra; Gencer, Nahit; Arslan, Oktay; Uslu, Harun; Goktas, Bunyamin; Karatas, Mert Olgun
    Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) has been the subject of many inhibition studies due to its presence in many species, causing enzymatic browning in fruits and vegetables, and its pigmentation role in mammalian species. In the present study, the inhibitory properties of twelve 1-alkyl-1H-benzimidazolium sulfonates and two 1-alkyl-1H-benzimidazolium iodides on PPO activity have been investigated. The PPO enzyme was purified from banana using Sepharose 4B-tyrosine-p-aminobenzoic acid affinity gel chromatography. The effects of 14 different synthesized benzimidazole derivatives on the PPO enzyme were investigated, and they were found to significantly inhibit the enzyme in question. When ADME predictions were examined, it was seen that all compounds that include methylbenzenesulfonate structure showed good pharmacokinetic properties; only compounds 3a and 3b, which contain iodide, violated the Ghose rules. These compounds, which were effective at low concentrations, may serve as promising lead molecules for the development of PPO inhibitors with potential applications in food preservation, cosmetic formulations, and pharmaceutical research, pending further in vivo and formulation-based studies.
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    Screening of phenolic components and antimicrobial properties of Iris persica L. subsp. persica extracts by in vitro and in silico methods
    (Wiley, 2024) Unver, Tuba; Uslu, Harun; Gurhan, Ismet; Goktas, Bunyamin
    The tendency toward natural herbal products has increased due to the antibiotic resistance developed by microorganisms and the severe side effects of antibiotics commonly used in infectious diseases worldwide. Although antimicrobial studies have been conducted with several species of the Iris genus, this study is the first in the literature to be performed with Iris persica L. subsp. persica aqueous and methanol extracts. In this study, the phenolic content of I. persica was determined by LC-MS/MS analysis, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of I. persica aqueous and methanol extracts was examined, and this study was supported by in silico analysis. Consequently, methanol and aqueous extracts were observed to have inhibitory effects against all tested microorganisms except Candida krusei. Although the MIC values of aqueous extract and methanol extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the same (22.5 and 11.25 mg/mL, respectively), the inhibitory effect of aqueous extract is generally more potent (MIC value is 11.25 mg/mL for Candida parapsilosis and other bacterial species, and 90 mg/mL for Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis) than that of methanol extract. In silico results showed that hydroxybenzaldeyde, vanillin, resveratrol, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-3-glucoside, fisetin, and luteolin were more prone to antifungal activity. Hence, shikimic, gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, caffeic, o-coumaric, trans-ferulic, sinapic acids, and hesperidin were more prone to antibacterial activity. In vitro and in silico results show that the antibacterial activity of our extracts may be higher than the antifungal activity. This preliminary study indicates the anti-infective potential of I. persica extracts and their usability in medicine and pharmacology.
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    Shedding Light on the Phytochemical and Biological Fingerprints of Fibigia clypeata (L.) Medik Essential Oil as a Pharmacotherapeutic Agent
    (Wiley, 2025) Unver, Tuba; Bingul, Murat; Uslu, Harun; Gurhan, Ismet; Goktas, Bunyamin; Sahin, Hasan; Boga, Mehmet
    Since plant essential oil contains medicinally valuable compounds, its usability as a pharmacotherapeutic agent has been the focus of attention within the century's needs. The lack of sufficient studies on the medical and pharmacological evaluation of Fibigia clypeata (L.) Medik has made this plant the target of our study. This study analyzes the phytochemical composition and biological activity of F. clypeata essential oil. As a result, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide were found to be the main compounds of the plant essential oil, with rates of 73.13% and 19.87%, respectively. The antifungal property of plant essential oil is more effective than its antibacterial property, with MIC values ranging between 0.039 and 0.312 mu L/mL for fungal species and up to 3.750 mu L/mL for bacterial species. The enzyme inhibition profiles were investigated towards two enzymes, namely, anticholinesterase and alpha-glucosidase, targeted for anti-diabetic studies. Anticholinesterase activity was proved with the IC50 values of 17.31 and 4.78 mu g/mL for Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes, respectively. DPPH and CUPRAC activities were the most promising antioxidant studies, with values of 1.54 and 3.72 mu g/mL. It was observed that alpha-Terpineol made a hydrogen bond with ASN80, and 1-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadien-1-yl)ethanol made a hydrogen bond with SER82. Although molecular dock scores were better for antifungal activity, it was determined that no interactions, such as hydrogen bonding or pi interaction, were observed. This preliminary study showed that F. clypeata essential oil is a natural source with promising in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase activities that warrants further investigation, including safety assessments, due to the high concentration of sulfur-containing compounds. Molecular docking and ADME prediction results showed that alpha-Terpineol and 1-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadien-1-yl)ethanol were more prone to antimicrobial activity.