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2-Hydroxyethyl substituted NHC precursors: Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure and carbonic anhydrase, ?-glycosidase, butyrylcholinesterase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Erdemir, Fatos; Celepci, Duygu Barut; Aktas, Aydin; Taslimi, Parham; Gok, Yetkin; Karabiyik, Hasan; Gulcin, Ilhami
This study contains novel a serie synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors that 2-hydroxyethyl substituted. The NHC precursors have been prepared from 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)benzimidazole and alkyl halides. The novel NHC precursors have been characterized by using H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, FTIR spectroscopy and elemental analysis techniques. Molecular and crystal structures of 2a, 2d, 2e, 2f and 2g were obtained with single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. These novel NHC precursor's derivatives effectively inhibited the a-glycosidase, cytosolic carbonic anhydrase I and II isoforms (hCA I and II), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Inhibition constant (K-i) were found in the range of 0.30-9.22 nM for alpha-glycosidase, 13.90-41.46 nM for hCA I, 12.82-49.95 nM for hCA II, 145.82-882.01 nM for BChE, and 280.92-1370.01 nM for AChE, respectively. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Benzimidazolium Salts Bearing Nitrile Moieties: Synthesis, Enzyme Inhibition Profiling, and Molecular Docking Analysis for Carbonic Anhydrase and Acetylcholinesterase
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2023) Oner, Erkan; Gok, Yetkin; Demir, Yeliz; Taskin-Tok, Tugba; Aktas, Aydin; Gulcin, Ilhami; Yalin, Serap
This report presents the synthesis and characterization of a range of benzimidazolium salts featuring 3-cyanopropyl groups on the 1st nitrogen atom and varied alkyl groups on the 3rd nitrogen atom within the benzimidazole structure. Benzimidazolium salts were synthesized by N-alkylation of 1-alkyl benzimidazole with 3-cyanopropyl-bromide. The new salts were characterized by 1H and 13C-NMR, FT-IR spectroscopic and elemental analysis techniques. In this study, the enzyme inhibition abilities of seven nitrile substituted benzimidazolium salts were investigated against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II (hCA I and hCA II). They showed a highly potent inhibition effect on AChE, hCA I and hCA II (Ki values are in the range of 26.71-119.09 nM for AChE, 19.77 to 133.68 nM for hCA I and 13.09 to 266.38 nM for hCA II). Reflecting the binding mode of the synthesized cyanopropyl series, the importance of the 2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl and 3-benzyl groups for optimal interactions with target proteins, evaluated by molecular docking studies. At the same time, the docking findings support the inhibition constants (Ki) values of the related compounds in this study. Potential compounds were also evaluated by their pharmacokinetic properties were predicted. image
Bisbenzimidazole salts and their in silico-in vitro inhibitory abilities on hCA I, hCA II, and AChE enzymes
(Springer Wien, 2024) Yilmaz, Ulku; Demir, Yeliz; Tok, Tugba Taskin; Gok, Yetkin; Aktas, Aydin; Gulcin, Ilhami
Eight new bisbenzimidazolium halides were prepared from alkyl halides and 4,4 '-bis[(benzimidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1,1 '-biphenyl.The structures of the benzimidazole salts were characterized using elemental analysis techniques as well as 1H, 13C NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopic methods. The inhibitory effects of the benzimidazole derivatives were measured against human carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I), human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes. All benzimidazolium halides exhibited significant enzyme inhibitory properties. They showed highly potent inhibitory effect on AChE and hCAs (Ki values are in the range of 15.7 +/- 0.8 to 49.7 +/- 10.1 nM, 14.6 +/- 1.5 to 70.7 +/- 2.7 nM, and 17.4 +/- 2.8 to 38 +/- 10 nM for AChE, hCA I, and hCA II, respectively). The binding orientation of the synthesized bisbenzimidazolium halides was evaluated by molecular docking studies, reflecting the importance of the p-methylbenzyl, m-methylbenzyl, p-nitrophenethyl, and 3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)methyl) groups in protein-ligand interaction. The docking results support the Ki values of the respective compounds in this study. The structure-activity relationships against the various targets are clearly shown in three dimensions at the atomic level by their interactions with the mentioned enzymes.
Exploring enzyme inhibition profiles of novel halogenated chalcone derivatives on some metabolic enzymes: Synthesis, characterization and molecular modeling studies
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Anil, Derya Aktas; Polat, M. Fatih; Saglamtas, Ruya; Tarikogullari, Ayse H.; Alagoz, M. Abdullah; Gulcin, Ilhami; Algul, Oztekin
Enzyme inhibition is a very active area of research in drug design and development. Chalcone derivatives have a broad enzyme inhibitory activity and function as potential molecules in the development of new drugs. In this study, the synthesized novel halogenated chalcones with bromobenzyl and methoxyphenyl moieties were evaluated toward the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes and human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I), and II (hCA II) isoenzymes. They showed highly potent inhibition ability toward AChE with Ki values of 1.83 +/- 0.21-11.19 +/- 0.96 nM and BChE with Ki values of 3.35 +/- 0.91-26.70 +/- 4.26 nM; hCA I with Ki values of 29.41 & PLUSMN; 3.14-57.63 & PLUSMN; 4.95 nM, and hCA II with Ki values of 24.00 & PLUSMN; 5.39-54.74 & PLUSMN; 1.65 nM. Among the tested enzyme inhibitions, compounds 14 and 13 were the most active compounds against AChE and BChE. Docking studies were performed to the most active compounds against AChE, BChE, hCA I and hCA II to propose a binding mode in the active site and molecular dynamics simulations were studied to check the molecular interactions and the stability of the ligands in the active site. The results may contribute to the development of new drugs particularly to treat some global disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), glaucoma, and diabetes.
In vitro cytotoxic and in vivo antitumoral activities of some aminomethyl derivatives of 2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones-Evaluation of their acetylcholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase enzymes inhibition profiles
(Wiley, 2019) Timur, Irfan; Kocyigit, Umit M.; Dastan, Taner; Sandal, Suleyman; Ceribasi, Ali Osman; Taslimi, Parham; Gulcin, Ilhami
The 1,2,4-triazole and its derivatives were reported to exhibit various pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antitumoural, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties. In this study, a series of triazole compounds (M1-M10) were evaluated for some biological activities. In vitro qualifications of these compounds on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and human carbonic anhydrase enzyme activities were performed. Also, their antitumoral activities in human colon cancer (HT29) cell line cultures were examined. In addition, colon cancer experimentation was induced in rats by an in vivo method, and the in vivo anticancer effects of triazole derivatives were investigated. Also, the effects of these derivatives in levels of antioxidant vitamin A, vitamin E, and MDA were studied in rat liver and blood samples. Most of the compounds were found to exhibit significant antioxidant and antitumoral activities. All the compounds had cytotoxic activities on HT29 cell lines with their IC50 values lower than 10 mu M concentrations. The low IC50 values of the compounds are M1 (3.88 mu M), M2 (2.18 mu M), M3 (4.2 mu M), M4 (2.58 mu M), M5 (2.88 mu M), M6 (2.37 mu M), M7 (3.49 mu M), M8 (4.01 mu M), M9 (8.90 mu M), and M10 (3.12 mu M).
meta-Cyanobenzyl substituted benzimidazolium salts: Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure and carbonic anhydrase, -glycosidase, butyrylcholinesterase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2018) Turker, Ferhat; Celepci, Duygu Barut; Aktas, Aydin; Taslimi, Parham; Gok, Yetkin; Aygun, Muhittin; Gulcin, Ilhami
meta-Cyanobenzyl-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors were synthesized by the reaction of a series of N-(alkyl)benzimidazolium with 3-bromomethyl-benzonitrile. These benzimidazolium salts were characterized by using H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis techniques. The molecular and crystal structures of 2f and 2g complexes were obtained by using the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The derivatives of these novel NHC precursors were effective inhibitors of -glycosidase (AG), the cytosolic carbonic anhydrase I and II isoforms (hCA I and II), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with K-i values in the range of 1.01-2.12nM for AG, 189.56-402.44nM for hCA I, 112.50-277.37nM for hCA II, 95.45-352.58nM for AChE, and 132.91-571.18nM for BChE. In the last years, inhibition of the CA enzyme has been considered as a promising factor for pharmacologic intervention in a diversity of disturbances such as obesity, glaucoma, cancer, and epilepsy.
New PEPPSI-Pd-NHC complexes bearing 4-hydroxyphenylethyl group: Synthesis, characterization, molecular docking, and bioactivity properties
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2022) Behcet, Ayten; Taslimi, Parham; Gok, Yetkin; Aktas, Aydin; Taskin-Tok, Tugba; Gulcin, Ilhami
Five 4-hydroxyphenylethyl substituted pyridine enhanced, precatalyst, preparation, stabilization, and initiation-Pd-N-heterocyclic carbene (PEPPSI-Pd-NHC) complexes are synthesized in a straightforward way. All PEPPSI-Pd-NHC complexes were prepared by mixing 4-hydroxyphenylethyl substituted NHC precursors, palladium chloride, potassium carbonate, and potassium bromide in pyridine. All complexes were screened for human carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I) and hCA II, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and alpha-glucosidase (alpha-Glu) inhibitory activities. The ChE inhibitory activities of the new PEPPSI-Pd-NHC complexes bearing the 4-hydroxyphenylethyl group (12-e) against alpha-Glu, AChE, and BChE were determined by the Tao and Ellman methods. The results indicated that all the synthetic complexes exhibited potent inhibitory activities against all targets as compared to the standard inhibitors, revealed by IC50 values. The K-i values of the new PEPPSI-Pd-NHC complexes 1a-e for hCA I, hCA II, AChE, BChE, and alpha-Glu were obtained in the ranges of 18.98-32.65, 22.95-38.13, 3.67-11.65, 4.09-9.36, 186.92-287.45 mu M, respectively. Among the synthesized complexes, the most potent complexes were 1c toward hCA I and II with K-i values 18.98 and 22.95 mu M, and 1d toward AChE and BChE with K-i = 3.67 and 4.09 mu M, respectively.
Novel 2-methylimidazolium salts: Synthesis, characterization, molecular docking, and carbonic anhydrase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties
(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2020) Bal, Selma; Kaya, Ruya; Gok, Yetkin; Taslimi, Parham; Aktas, Aydin; Karaman, Muhammet; Gulcin, Ilhami
In this work, structures of different imidazolium compounds were designed and synthesized. These compounds were synthesized from 2-methylimidazole and alkyl/aryl halides. Their structures were characterized by using H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, FTIR spectroscopic techniques. All the synthesized compounds were tested for their inhibition activities on different enzymes. Inhibition experiments gave good and moderate results, proving their activities of these compounds as anticholinergics potential. These obtained novel 2-methylimidazolium salts (1a-e and 2a-e) molecules were effective inhibitors of the carbonic anhydrase I and II isozymes (hCA I and II) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes with Ki values in the range of 26.45 +/- 6.49-77.60 +/- 9.53 nM for hCA I, 27.87 +/- 5.00-86.61 +/- 5.71 nM for hCA II, and 1.15 +/- 0.19-8.89 +/- 0.49 nM for AChE, respectively. AChE enzyme inhibitors are the most common drugs applied in the therapy of diseases such as senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, ataxia, Parkinson's disease, and among others.
A Novel Ag-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex Bearing the Hydroxyethyl Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal and Spectral Structures and Bioactivity Properties
(Mdpi, 2020) Aktas, Aydin; Celepci, Duygu; Gok, Yetkin; Taslimi, Parham; Akincioglu, Hulya; Gulcin, Ilhami
In this study, a novel silver N-heterocyclic carbene (Ag-NHC) complex bearing hydroxyethyl substituent has been synthesized from the hydroxyethyl-substituted benzimidazolium salt and silver oxide by using in-situ deprotonation method. A structure of the Ag-NHC complex was characterized by using UV-Vis, FTIR, H-1-NMR and C-13-NMR spectroscopies and elemental analysis techniques. Also, the crystal structure of the novel complex was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. In this paper, compound 1 showed excellent inhibitory effects against some metabolic enzymes. This complex had Ki of 1.14 0.26 mu M against human carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I), 1.88 +/- 0.20 mu M against human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA I), and 10.75 +/- 2.47 mu M against alpha-glycosidase, respectively. On the other hand, the Ki value was found as 25.32 +/- 3.76 mu M against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and 41.31 +/- 7.42 mu M against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), respectively. These results showed that the complex had drug potency against some diseases related to using metabolic enzymes.
Novel amine-functionalized benzimidazolium salts: Synthesis, characterization, bioactivity, and molecular docking studies
(Elsevier, 2020) Yigit, Murat; Yigit, Beyhan; Taslimi, Parham; Ozdemir, Ismail; Karaman, Muhammet; Gulcin, Ilhami
A series of amine-tethered benzimidazolium salts were synthesized by the reactions between 1-(1-methyl-2-dimethylaminoethyl)benzimidazole and various alkyl halides. The characterization of the newly synthesized salts was done by spectroscopic methods. Also, 2e, 2f, and 2h have been docked into the catalytic active site hCA I, hCA II, AChE, BChE, and alpha-glycosidase enzymes. We have identified high binding affinity and explained inhibition mechanism of the compounds against the enzymes. These novel amine-functionalized benzimidazolium salts derivatives were good inhibitor compounds of the aglycosidase, hCA I and II isoforms, and both cholinesterase enzymes with K-i values in the range of 0.63 +/- 0.05-3.63 +/- 0.83 nM for a-glycosidase, 8.42 +/- 1.03-27.04 +/- 3.74 nM for hCA I, 7.94 +/- 0.74 - 21.82 +/- 5.81 nM for hCA II, 136.38 +/- 19.55-247.34 +/- 34.06 nM for BChE, and 124.24 +/- 13.94 - 283.55 +/- 54.06 nM for AChE, respectively. Among the inhibitors, 2e, 2e, 2f, 2f, and 2h were obtained to be the excellent inhibitors with Ki values of 8.42 +/- 1.03, 7.94 +/- 0.74,124.24 +/- 13.94,136.38 +/- 19.55, and 0.63 +/- 0.05 nM for hCA I, hCA II, AChE, BChE, alpha-glycosidase enzymes, respectively. The ability to model some metabolic enzymes receptors and theirs inhibitors in silico are important because they can save valuable resources and help to rationalize the mode of binding, and to design better inhibitors. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Novel morpholine liganded Pd-based N-heterocyclic carbene complexes: Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure, antidiabetic and anticholinergic properties
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Aktas, Aydin; Celepci, Duygu Barut; Kaya, Ruya; Taslimi, Parham; Gok, Yetkin; Aygun, Muhittin; Gulcin, Ilhami
This study involves the synthesis of novel N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)PdX2(morpholine) complexes (1a-i). These Pd-based complexes are synthesized from pyridine enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilization and initiation (PEPPSI) complexes and morpholine. The new complexes were characterized by spectroscopy (IR, H-1 and C-13 NMR) techniques. Also, the crystal structures of lb and if were obtained by utilizing the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The synthesized compounds in this study were investigated for their inhibition action against equin serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and Electrophorus electricus acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as the capability drug aims for Alzheimer's disease (AD). These novel morpholine liganded Pd-based N-heterocyclic complexes were good inhibitors of BChE, alpha-glycosidase, cytosolic carbonic anhydrase I and II isoforms (hCA I and II), and AChE, with K-i values in the range of 10.77 +/- 1.01-45.86 +/- 5.65 mu M for hCA I, 25.42 +/- 5.18-57.82 +/- 3.01 mu M for hCA II, 12.26 +/- 3.32-50.36 +/- 6.19 mu M for a-glycosidase, 9.97 +/- 1.26-60.75 +/- 15.98 M for BChE, and 10.28 1.55-30.12 3.22 M for AChE. The inhibition of the alpha-glycosidase enzyme, an important carbohydrate hydrolyzing catalyst, could be used as one of the efficient methodologies in both treating and preventing diabetes by controlling the suppressing postprandial hyperglycemia and postprandial glucose amounts. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Novel N-propylphthalimide- and 4-vinylbenzyl-substituted benzimidazole salts: Synthesis, characterization, and determination of their metal chelating effects and inhibition profiles against acetylcholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase enzymes
(Wiley, 2018) Sari, Yakup; Aktas, Aydin; Taslimi, Parham; Gok, Yetkin; Gulcin, Ilhami
The novel N-propylphthalimide-substituted and 4-vinylbenzyl-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors were synthesized by N-substituted benzimidazolium with aryl halides. The novel N-propylphthalimide-substituted and 4-vinylbenzyl-substituted NHC precursors have been characterized by using H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis techniques. They were tested for the inhibition of AChE and hCA enzymes and demonstrated efficient inhibition profiles with K-i values in the range of 351.0-1269.9 nM against hCA I, 346.6-1193.1 nM against hCA II, and 19.0-76.3 nM against AChE. On the other hand, acetazolamide, a clinically used molecule, utilized as CA inhibitor, obtained a K-i value of 1246.7 nM against hCA I and 1407.6 nM against hCA II. Additionally, tacrine inhibited AChE and obtained a K-i value of 174.6 nM.
Novel NHC Precursors: Synthesis, Characterization, and Carbonic Anhydrase and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Properties
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2017) Aktas, Aydin; Taslimi, Parham; Gulcin, Ilhami; Gok, Yetkin
Three series of imidazolidinium ligands (NHC precursors) substituted with 4-vinylbenzyl, 2-methyl-1,4-benzodioxane, and N-propylphthalimide were synthesized. N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors were prepared from N-alkylimidazoline and alkyl halides. The novel NHC precursors were characterized by H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis techniques. The enzymes inhibition activities of the NHC precursors were investigated against the cytosolic human carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes (hCA I and II) and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. The inhibition parameters (IC50 and K-i values) were calculated by spectrophotometric method. The inhibition constants (K-i) were found to be in the range of 166.65-635.38nM for hCA I, 78.79-246.17nM for hCA II, and 23.42-62.04nM for AChE. Also, the inhibitory effects of the novel synthesized NHCs were compared to acetazolamide as a clinical CA isoenzymes inhibitor and tacrine as a clinical cholinergic enzymes inhibitor.
Novel silver(I)N-heterocyclic carbene complexes bearing 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group: Synthesis, characterization, and enzyme inhibition properties
(Wiley, 2021) Behcet, Ayten; Aktas, Aydin; Gok, Yetkin; Kaya, Ruya; Taslimi, Parham; Gulcin, Ilhami
Herein, novel silver-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes bearing 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group were synthesized. Novel Ag(I)NHC complexes were synthesized from the 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl-substituted benzimidazolium salts and silver oxide via in situ deprotonation method. The successful formation of all Ag(I)NHC complexes was proved by using H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis techniques. In addition, their inhibitory effects have been investigated of these substances on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), alpha-glycosidase (alpha-Gly), human carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I), and human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II) enzymes. It has been seen that all compounds have a better ability to inhibit compared with existing tried inhibitors. Among these, the best inhibitor against AChE enzyme is 1g (K-i : 9.54 +/- 0.98 mu M and IC50 : 17.40), and against alpha-Gly, 1c showed the highest effect (K-i 3.09 +/- 0.36 mu M and IC50 7.91). The best inhibitor against hCA I and hCA II enzymes are 1c and 1g compounds. For hCA I and hCA II, IC50 values were calculated as 17.85 and 9.06 mu M and K-i values were measured as 5.45 +/- 2.02 and 8.99 +/- 2.02 mu M, respectively.
The palladium-based complexes bearing 1,3-dibenzylbenzimidazolium with morpholine, triphenylphosphine, and pyridine derivate ligands: synthesis, characterization, structure and enzyme inhibitions
(Cell Press, 2022) Aktas, Aydin; Yakali, Gul; Demir, Yeliz; Gulcin, Ilhami; Aygun, Muhittin; Gok, Yetkin
The palladium-based complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand have long attracted attention as active catalysts for many catalytic reactions. Recently, the biological activities of these complexes, which are stable to air and moisture, have also been wondered. With the aim, we report the synthesis of a series of (NHC) Pd(Br2)(L) complexes (NHC: 1,3-dibenzylbenzimidazolium, L: morpholine, triphenylphosphine, pyridine, 3-chloropyridine, and 2-aminopyridine). All complexes were characterized by NMR (1H and 13C), FTIR spectroscopic and elemental analysis techniques. In addition, the single crystal structures of the complex 3, 4, and 6 were determined through single crystal x-ray crystallographic method. Furthermore, the carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes (hCAs) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition effects of these palladium-based complexes bearing NHC ligand were investigated. They showed highly potent inhibition effect with Ki values are between 10.06 +/- 1.49-68.56 +/- 11.53 nM for hCA I isoenzyme, 7.74 +/- 0.66 to 49.39 +/- 6.50 nM for hCA II isoenzyme and 22.83 +/- 3.21 to 64.09 +/- 9.05 nM for AChE enzyme.
Schiff bases and their amines: Synthesis and discovery of carbonic anhydrase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes inhibitors
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2018) Yigit, Beyhan; Yigit, Murat; Taslimi, Parham; Gok, Yetkin; Gulcin, Ilhami
Three series of symmetrical Schiff bases were synthesized from 1,2-diaminoethane, 1,3-diaminopropane and 1,4-diaminobutane and substituted benzaldehydes, and reduced by sodium borohydride to the corresponding benzylic diamines 4-6. All of the compounds obtained were characterized using elemental analysis, FT-IR, H-1 NMR, and C-13 NMR spectroscopy. The enzyme inhibitory properties of these compounds were tested and the influence of the alkane chain length and the substituents on the phenyl group on the enzyme inhibition activity were examined. The novel Schiff bases and their amine derivatives (1a-d, 2a-d, 3b-d, 4a-c, 5a-c, 6a, 6c, 6d) were effective inhibitors of the cytosolic carbonic anhydrase I and II isoforms (hCA I and II), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with K-i values in the range of 159.43 +/- 30.03 to 563.73 +/- 115.30nM for hCA I, 104.88 +/- 18.44 to 524.32 +/- 95.03nM for hCA II, and 3.95 +/- 0.74 to 30.83 +/- 6.81nM for AChE.
Structure-based inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase with 2-Aryl-6-carboxamide benzoxazole derivatives: synthesis, enzymatic assay, and in silico studies
(Springer, 2024) Kuzu, Burak; Alagoz, M. Abdullah; Demir, Yeliz; Gulcin, Ilhami; Burmaoglu, Serdar; Algul, Oztekin
An important research topic is the discovery of multifunctional compounds targeting different disease-causing components. This research aimed to design and synthesize a series of 2-aryl-6-carboxamide benzoxazole derivatives that inhibit cholinesterases on both the peripheral anionic and catalytic anionic sides. Compounds (7-48) were prepared from 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid in three steps. The Ellman test, molecular docking with Maestro, and molecular dynamics simulation studies with Desmond were done (Schrodinger, 12.8.117). Compound 36, the most potent compound among the 42 new compounds synthesized, had an inhibitory concentration of IC50 12.62 nM for AChE and IC50 25.45 nM for BChE (whereas donepezil was 69.3 nM and 63.0 nM, respectively). Additionally, compound 36 had docking values of - 7.29 kcal/mol for AChE and - 6.71 kcal/mol for BChE (whereas donepezil was - 6.49 kcal/mol and - 5.057 kcal/mol, respectively). Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that compound 36 is stable in the active gorges of both AChE (average RMSD: 1.98 & Aring;) and BChE (average RMSD: 2.2 & Aring;) (donepezil had average RMSD: 1.65 & Aring; and 2.7 & Aring;, respectively). The results show that compound 36 is a potent, selective, mixed-type dual inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. It does this by binding to both the catalytically active and peripheral anionic sites of cholinesterases at the same time. These findings show that target compounds may be useful for establishing the structural basis for new anti-Alzheimer agents. [GRAPHICS] .
SYNTHESIS AND ENZYME INHIBITORY PROPERTIES OF QUINOXALINE BRIDGED BIS(IMIDAZOLIUM) SALTS
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Yigit, Murat; Demir, Yeliz; Arinc, Ali; Yigit, Beyhan; Koca, Murat; Ozdemir, Ismail; Gulcin, Ilhami
In this study, a series of new salts containing quinoxaline and imidazole moieties were synthesized in good yield by the reaction of 2,3 -bis(bromomethyl)quinoxalines and 1-alkylimidazoles in N,N-dimethylformamide. These salts were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, H-1 NMR and C-13 NMR spectroscopy, which support the proposed structures. Furthermore, the enzyme inhibition activities of these compounds were investigated. They showed highly potent inhibition effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) (Ki values are in the range of 44.80 +/- 14.87 to 288.64 +/- 42.68 nM, 21.50 +/- 4.76 to 187.30 +/- 22.43 nM, and 5.81 +/- 0.71 to 164.52 +/- 26.0 nM for AChE, hCA I, and hCA II, respectively). Compound 3 showed the best inhibition effect for hCA I and compound 4 showed the best inhibition effect for hCA II and AChE.
Synthesis of 1,3-Disubtitituted Tetrahydropyrimidinium Salts and Determination of Their Biological Properties and Molecular Docking
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2024) Karaca, Emine Ozge; Gurbuz, Nevin; Demir, Yeliz; Tuzun, Burak; Ozdemir, Ismail; Gulcin, Ilhami
Several of 3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidinium salts with 1-methyl functionalization are produced. By using techniques for 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and IR spectroscopy, all compounds were investigated. Additionally, these compounds' abilities to block enzymes were looked into. They had a highly effective inhibitory effect on the isoenzymes of carbonic anhydrases I and II, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Ki values were found in the range of 57.43 +/- 7.09-170.09 +/- 50.91 nM for AChE, 7.19 +/- 0.42-69.08 +/- 2.44 nM for BChE, and 46.48 +/- 5.74-203.38 +/- 46.15 nM for hCA I, and 30.19 +/- 4.03-171.96 +/- 30.27 nM for hCA II. As a result, 1,3-disubtitituted tetrahydroprimidinium salts exhibited potent inhibition profiles toward indicated metabolic enzymes. One of the most important methods for designing and creating novel, potent medications to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) worldwide is the synthesis and discovery of new AChE and BChE inhibitors. The activities of synthesized 3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidinium salts were compared against various proteins that are crystal structure of AChE (PDB ID: 4 M0E), crystal structure of BChE (PDB ID: 5NN0), crystal structure of hCA I (PDB ID: 2CAB), and crystal structure of hCA II (PDB ID: 3DC3), and then the drug properties of these molecules were examined. In this study, we have designed and synthesized a series of 1,3-disubtitituted tetrahydropyrimidinium salts were synthesized and characterized by IR and NMR spectra. These compounds were evaluated against the AChE, BChE, hCA I and hCA II enzymes. These compounds showed good enzyme inhibition profiles. The activities of the investigated 1,3-disubstituted tetrahydropyrimidinium salts were compared to the theoretical calculations results using molecular docking. image
Synthesis, characterization and bioactivities of dative donor ligand N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors and their Ag(I)NHC coordination compounds
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Kazanci, Ali; Gok, Yetkin; Kaya, Ruya; Aktas, Aydin; Taslimi, Parham; Gulcin, Ilhami
This study contains the synthesis of N-phthalimidomethyl-substituted NHC precursors and their Ag(I) NHC coordination compounds. The NHC precursors were synthesized from the 1-(N-phthalimidomethyl)benzimidazole and alkyl/aryl halide. The Ag(I)NHC coordination compounds were synthesized from the N-phthalimidomethyl substituted benzimidazolium salts and silver oxide via the in-situ deprotonation method. The formation of all compounds was proved fully by H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, FTIR and elemental analysis techniques. Also, these novel N-phthalimidomethyl substituted NHC precursors and Ag(I) NHC coordination compounds were found as effective inhibitors for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), human carbonic anhydrase I isoenzyme (hCA I), human carbonic anhydrase II isoenzyme (hCA II), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with inhibition constants (K(i)s) in the range of 1.00 +/- 0.14-2.31 +/- 0.58 mu M for hCA I, 1.30 +/- 0.21-2.85 +/- 0.56 mu M for hCA II, 0.35 +/- 0.06-2.58 +/- 0.70 mu M for AChE, and 0.42 +/- 0.01- 1.27 +/- 0.16 mu M for BChE, respectively. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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