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Öğe Acute effect of different doses of caffeinated chewing gum on exercise performance in caffeine-habituated male soccer players(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Yildirim, Ulas Can; Akcay, Neslihan; Alexe, Dan Iulian; Esen, Ozcan; Gulu, Mehmet; Cirtita-Buzoianu, Cristina; Cinarli, Fahri SafaThe ergogenic benefits of caffeine have been well established, but there is scarce research on its chewing gum form. The present research aimed to examine the effects of different doses (100 and 200 mg) of caffeinated chewing gum on muscle strength, vertical jump performance, and ball-kicking speed in trained male soccer players. In a double-blind, randomized counterbalanced, and crossover research design, 14 male soccer players (age = 22 +/- 2 y; body mass = 74.2 +/- 7.1 kg; height = 180.0 +/- 6.8 cm; habitual caffeine intake = 358.9 +/- 292.4 mg/day) participated in three experimental trials. In each trial, participants performed isometric handgrip strength, quadriceps and hamstring strength, ball-kicking speed, and 15 s countermovement jump test 10 min after chewing 100 mg (LCAF) or 200 mg (MCAF) of caffeinated gum or placebo (PLA). MCAF improved quadriceps strength (53.77 +/- 5.77 kg) compared to LCAF (49.62 +/- 8.81 kg, p = 0.048) and PLA (49.20 +/- 7.20 kg, p = 0.032). However, neither LCAF nor MCAF had a significant effect on the isometric handgrip and hamstring strength, ball-kicking speed, and 15 s countermovement jump test (all p > 0.05). These findings support chewing gum as an alternative mode of caffeine administration which can be used as a nutritional ergogenic aid for trained soccer players, at least for quadriceps strength.Öğe Bullying in Physical Education: Awareness of Physical Education Teachers(Sciendo, 2022) Sagin, Ahmet Enes; Ugras, Sinan; Gulu, MehmetThis study investigates how physical education (PE) teachers make sense of peer bullying, which types of behaviors they associate with peer bullying, their opinions about these behaviors, and methods for preventing bullying. The study group consisted of 18 PE teachers. The interview technique was used as a qualitative research method in the study. The data obtained after one-on-one interviews were analyzed through content analysis. According to the data obtained, PE teachers are the most important variable in the decrease or increase of peer bullying in classes. However, PE classes provide a suitable environment for the emergence of peer bullying. Additionally, bullying caused by the individual characteristics of students and environmental reasons can increase in schools, and there are generally no collective intervention programs within schools to prevent it. According to the teachers' opinions, some of the important results are that students who are exposed to bullying experience the same fear every week in PE lessons, and although it is known that the majority of them do not want to participate in the activity in order to avoid being bullied, no solution can be found.Öğe The effect of 8-weeks of combined resistance training and chocolate milk consumption on maximal strength, muscle thickness, peak power and lean mass, untrained, university-aged males(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Yapici, Hakan; Gulu, Mehmet; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Ugurlu, Dondu; Comertpay, Ertan; Eroglu, Oguz; Kocoglu, MelikeThe overarching aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of chocolate milk consumption (500 mL) with 8-week of resistance training on muscle hypertrophy, body composition, and maximal strength in untrained healthy men. A total of 22 Participants were randomly divided into two experimental groups: combined resistance training (3 sessions per week for 8 weeks) and chocolate milk consumptions (include 30 g protein) Resistance Training Chocolate Milk (RTCM) (Age: 20.9 +/- 0.9 years old) and resistance training (RT) only (Age: 19.8 +/- 0.7 years old). Muscle thickness (MT), using a portable ultrasound, body composition, body mass, maximal strength (one repetition maximum (1 RM), counter movement jump (CMJ) and peak power (PP) were determined at baseline and 8 weeks later. In the RTCM, finding showed a significant improvement in the outcomes compared to the RT group, besides the main effect of time (pre and post). The 1 RM total increased by 36.7% in RTCM group compared to 17.6% increased in the RT group (p < 0.001). Muscle thickness increased by 20.8% in the RTCM group and 9.1% in the RT group (p < 0.001). In the RTCM group, the PP increased by 37.8% compared to only 13.8% increase in the RT group (p = 0.001). The group*time interaction effect was significant for MT, 1RM, CMJ, and PP (p < 0.05), and it was observed that the RTCM and the 8-week resistance training protocol maximized performance. Body fat percentage (%) decreased more in the RTCM (18.9%) group than in the RT (6.7%) group (p = 0.002). In conclusion, chocolate milk (500 mL) with high protein content consumed in addition to resistance training provided superior gains in terms of MT, 1 RM, body composition, CMJ, and PP. The finding of the study demonstrated the positive effect of casein-based protein (chocolate milk) and resistance training on the muscle performance. Chocolate milk consumption has a more positive effect on muscle strength when combined with RT and should be considered as a suitable post-exercise nutritional supplement. Future research could be conducted with a larger number of participants of different ages and longer study durations.Öğe Effects of 12 Weeks of High-, Moderate-, and Low-Volume Training on Performance Parameters in Adolescent Swimmers(Mdpi, 2023) Karabiyik, Hakan; Gulu, Mehmet; Yapici, Hakan; Iscan, Furkan; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Durmus, Tugay; Gurkan, OguzSwimming, an Olympic sport with diverse distances and energy systems, requires early specialization for elite success. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a fundamental method used by swimmers to enhance performance, offering both aerobic and anaerobic benefits. This study aimed to examine the effects of a 12-week HIIT program with varying volumes on adolescent swimmers' performance parameters. A total of 50 participants were divided into three groups High Intensity Low Volume (HILV), Moderate Intensity Moderate Volume (MIMV), Low Intensity High Volume (LIHV), and their training sessions consisted of 10 sets with 60 s rest intervals between repetitions and 3 min rest intervals between sets. The intensity was determined based on a pre-test 100 m times. The results indicate significant improvements in anthropometric measurements, including weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), and body fat percentage, within each group, with no significant differences between groups. Swimming performance for various distances (50 m, 100 m, 200 m, and 800 m) showed significant temporal improvements in all groups, with stroke parameters such as stroke rate and length also exhibiting significant improvements (p < 0.05). Resting heart rate and swimming performance at 100 m and 200 m differed significantly between groups, highlighting the impact of training volume on specific outcomes. In conclusion, this study highlights the positive impact of interval training on the swimming time (50 m, 100 m, 200 m, and 800 m), stroke rate (SR), strokes per length (SPL), stroke length (SL), Borg scale (BS) for various distances, emphasizing the need for tailored training programs to maximize their development and potential.Öğe Estimation of Obesity Levels through the Proposed Predictive Approach Based on Physical Activity and Nutritional Habits(Mdpi, 2023) Gozukara Bag, Harika Gozde; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Gormez, Yasin; Gonzalez, Pablo Prieto; Colak, Cemil; Gulu, Mehmet; Badicu, GeorgianObesity is the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body that leads to health risks. The study aimed to classify obesity levels using a tree-based machine-learning approach considering physical activity and nutritional habits. Methods: The current study employed an observational design, collecting data from a public dataset via a web-based survey to assess eating habits and physical activity levels. The data included gender, age, height, weight, family history of being overweight, dietary patterns, physical activity frequency, and more. Data preprocessing involved addressing class imbalance using Synthetic Minority Over-sampling TEchnique-Nominal Continuous (SMOTE-NC) and feature selection using Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE). Three classification algorithms (logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)) were used for obesity level prediction, and Bayesian optimization was employed for hyperparameter tuning. The performance of different models was evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, recall, precision, F1-score, area under the curve (AUC), and precision-recall curve. The LR model showed the best performance across most metrics, followed by RF and XGBoost. Feature selection improved the performance of LR and RF models, while XGBoost's performance was mixed. The study contributes to the understanding of obesity classification using machine-learning techniques based on physical activity and nutritional habits. The LR model demonstrated the most robust performance, and feature selection was shown to enhance model efficiency. The findings underscore the importance of considering both physical activity and nutritional habits in addressing the obesity epidemic.Öğe Estimation of Obesity Levels with a Trained Neural Network Approach optimized by the Bayesian Technique(Mdpi, 2023) Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Gulu, Mehmet; Gormez, Yasin; Castaneda-Babarro, Arkaitz; Colak, Cemil; Greco, Gianpiero; Fischetti, FrancescoBackground: Obesity, which causes physical and mental problems, is a global health problem with serious consequences. The prevalence of obesity is increasing steadily, and therefore, new research is needed that examines the influencing factors of obesity and how to predict the occurrence of the condition according to these factors. This study aimed to predict the level of obesity based on physical activity and eating habits using the trained neural network model. Methods: The chi-square, F-Classify, and mutual information classification algorithms were used to identify the most critical factors associated with obesity. The models' performances were compared using a trained neural network with different feature sets. The hyperparameters of the models were optimized using Bayesian optimization techniques, which are faster and more effective than traditional techniques. Results: The results predicted the level of obesity with average accuracies of 93.06%, 89.04%, 90.32%, and 86.52% for all features using the neural network and for the features selected by the chi-square, F-Classify, and mutual information classification algorithms. The results showed that physical activity, alcohol consumption, use of technological devices, frequent consumption of high-calorie meals, and frequency of vegetable consumption were the most important factors affecting obesity. Conclusions: The F-Classify score algorithm identified the most essential features for obesity level estimation. Furthermore, physical activity and eating habits were the most critical factors for obesity prediction.Öğe Examined of creativity level of primary school students who make sports and do not make sports(Elsevier Science Bv, 2010) Tekin, Murat; Gulu, MehmetThe aim of this study is to examine creativity level of primary school students who make sports and do not make sports. Study group is composed of 73 boys and 77 girls who make sports and 78 boys and 72 girls who do not make sports, totaly 300 who are attending to 6(th), 7(th) and 8(th) grade in primary schools located in the center of Karaman province. First of all, available information's related to aim of study have been given systematically by scanning literature. In this way a teorical frame about the subject was formed. Secondly, How Creative Are You? creativity scale developed by Raudsepp (1977) and translated into Turkish by Coban (1999) was used in order to reach the aim of study. In data examine and interpretation; t test, One Way Anova tests were used and to identify differences between groups Tukey test was used and perception was based on P<0.05. Statistical package for social sciences packet program (SPSS) was used to find calculated data's and evaluate criteria's. As a result of this study, the creativity level of the students who make sports was any more than students who don't make sports. According to sex variant, boy and girl students making sports have high creativity level while boy and girl students not making sports have low creativity levels. According to class variant, It was emerged that the level of creativity was high in the students of 6(th), 7(th) and 8(th) grade and who make sports while it was low in the 6(th), 7(th) and 8(th) grade students who don't make sports. According to variant education levels of their mother and father, it was emerged from conclusion that creativeness levels of students making sport were higher than students' not making sports. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Examining mindfulness and moral disengagement in doping: Perspective of Turkish wrestlers(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Ayyildiz, Erdem; Kayabesler, Hamza; Gulu, Mehmet; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Aldhahi, Monira I.; Garcia-Grimau, Elena; Al-Mhanna, Sameer BadriIntroduction: Studies related to attitudes toward the use of prohibited substances in Turkish athletes are scarce. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has implemented anti-doping educational policies emphasizing doping-related education in studies conducted among Turkish wrestlers. However, it is still unclear the extent to which the wrestlers comply and adhere to these anti-doping policies. No research has previously examined the effect of anti-doping education on athletes' mindfulness and moral disengagement in doping (MDD). Therefore, the present study has a two-fold objective: first, to examine whether doping-related education (DRE) and the status of being a national athlete (NA) have an effect on athlete mindfulness and MDD. Second, to analyze the relationship between each sub-dimensions of athlete mindfulness: awareness (ASD), judgment (JSD), and refocus (RSD) with MDD.Methods: A total of 409 male wrestlers participated in this study. MANOVA analysis showed that NA and DRE alone have no effect on MDD but have a general effect on mindfulness.Results: The highest effect was on the ASD of being an NA (?(2 )(p)= 0.173). When the interaction effect of NA*DRE was examined, significant difference in MDD (F = 8.218, p = 0.004), ASD (F = 8.476, p = 0.004), JSD (F = 5.844, p = 0.016), and RSD (F = 11.476, p = 0.001) were found. MDD has a weak negative relationship with ASD (r = -0.126) and RSD (r = -0.041) and a weak positive relationship with the JSD sub-dimension (r = 0.140). Those results suggest that being a NA and having received anti-doping education affect moral disengagement in doping and athletes' mindfulness.Discussion: As a conclusion, it is recommended to increase awareness and anti-doping education among national-standard Turkish wrestlers to prevent them from engaging in doping behaviors.Öğe Exploring obesity, physical activity, and digital game addiction levels among adolescents: A study on machine learning-based prediction of digital game addiction(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Gulu, Mehmet; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Gocer, Ishak; Yapici, Hakan; Ayyildiz, Erdem; Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Ardigo, Luca PaoloPrimary study aim was defining prevalence of obesity, physical activity levels, digital game addiction level in adolescents, to investigate gender differences, relationships between outcomes. Second aim was predicting game addiction based on anthropometric measurements, physical activity levels. Cross-sectional study design was implemented. Participants aged 9-14 living in Kirikkale were part of the study. The sample of the study consists of 405 adolescents, 231 girls (57%) and 174 boys (43%). Self-reported data were collected by questionnaire method from a random sample of 405 adolescent participants. To determine the physical activity levels of children, the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C). Digital Game addiction was evaluated with the digital game addiction (DGA) scale. Additionally, body mass index (BMI) status was calculated by measuring the height and body mass of the participants. Data analysis were performed using Python 3.9 software and SPSS 28.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States) package program. According to our findings, it was determined that digital game addiction has a negative relationship with physical activity level. It was determined that physical activity level had a negative relationship with BMI. In addition, increased physical activity level was found to reduce obesity and DGA. Game addiction levels of girl participants were significantly higher than boy participants, and game addiction was higher in those with obesity. With the prediction model obtained, it was determined that age, being girls, BMI and total physical activity (TPA) scores were predictors of game addiction. The results revealed that the increase in age and BMI increased the risk of DGA, and we found that women had a 2.59 times greater risk of DGA compared to men. More importantly, the findings of this study showed that physical activity was an important factor reducing DGA 1.51-fold. Our prediction model Logit (P) = 1/(1 + exp(-(-3.384 + Age*0.124 + Gender-boys*(-0.953) + BMI*0.145 + TPA*(-0.410)))). Regular physical activity should be encouraged, digital gaming hours can be limited to maintain ideal weight. Furthermore, adolescents should be encouraged to engage in physical activity to reduce digital game addiction level. As a contribution to the field, the findings of this study presented important results that may help in the prevention of adolescent game addiction.Öğe Exploring the Relationship between Biological Maturation Level, Muscle Strength, and Muscle Power in Adolescents(Mdpi, 2022) Yapici, Hakan; Gulu, Mehmet; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Eken, Ozgur; Gabrys, Tomasz; Knappova, VeraSimple Summary Muscle strength increases with age, and the period in which the increase in muscle mass is highest is the growth and development period in adolescents. In this context, the improvement of muscle power and muscle strength in adolescents can be achieved with the development of simple motor skills. Research on the relationship between biological maturation, muscle strength, and muscle power was limited in adolescents, and this research will make an important contribution to the literature. In this research, the relationship between biological maturation and muscle strength and power was investigated. In conclusion, biological maturation was found to be significantly associated with muscle strength and power in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between adolescents' biological maturation level and their muscle power, as well as their overall muscle strength. Overall, 691 adolescents (414 boys and 277 girls) aged 12.01-11.96 (measured for body mass, body height as well as vertical jump, muscle power, and muscle strength). There was a statistically significant difference in terms of average right and left grip strength, vertical jump, and power in the late maturation group. For the body height and vertical jump averages in male adolescents, it was observed that the body height and vertical jump averages in the late group were significantly lower than in the early and on-time maturation groups. For female adolescents' chronological age, sitting height, body mass, BMI, left and right grip strength, and power averages were found to be significantly higher compared with the on-time group (p < 0.05). It was established that biological maturation has a substantial link with vertical jump height and power, as well as grip strength on the right and left hands.Öğe Investigation of sports participation motivation in people with disabilities: a cross-sectional study of individuals with physical and hearing impairments(Bmc, 2024) Ayyildiz, Erdem; Aras, Dicle; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Gulu, Mehmet; Yapici, Hakan; Alwhaibi, ReemWhile reading the literature, it is seen that there are not enough studies on the motivation of disabled individuals to participate in sports. This study aims to examine the sports participation motivations of hearing impaired and physically disabled athletes. This study was a cross-sectional study. The research group of the study consists of physically and hearing-impaired individuals between the ages of 18-47. The participants of this research group consisted of 253 volunteer disabled individuals, 150 of whom were men and 103 of whom were women. Sports participation motivation scale was used for disabled individuals. The scale consists of 3 dimensions and is a 5-point Likert type. The results of the study showed that hearing-impaired people have a higher high school rate and physically person with disability have a higher bachelor's degree rate, but the primary education rate did not change between hearing and physically person with disability. Physical activity participation differed between hearing and physically person with disability, and it was observed that hearing-impaired people participated in more physical activities. The level of well-being of the physically disabled was significantly better than the hearing impaired. As conclusion, it is observed that the people with the lowest motivation to participate in sports are primary school graduates and those with high welfare have a high motivation to participate in sports.Öğe Is early or late biological maturation trigger obesity? A machine learning modeling research in Turkey boys and girls(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Gulu, Mehmet; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Yapici, Hakan; Irandoust, Khadijeh; Dogan, Ali Ahmet; Taheri, Morteza; Szura, EwaBiological maturation status can affect individual differences, sex, height, body fat, and body weight in adolescents and thus may be associated with obesity. The primary aim of this study was to examine the relationship between biological maturation and obesity. Overall, 1,328 adolescents (792 boys and 536 girls) aged 12.00 +/- 0.94-12.21 +/- 0.99 years, respectively (measured for body mass, body stature, sitting stature). Body weights were deter-mined with Tanita body analysis system and adolescent obesity status was calculated according to the WHO classification. Biological maturation was determined according to the somatic maturation method. Our results showed that boys mature 3.077-fold later than girls. Obesity was an increasing effect on early maturation. It was determined that being obese, overweight and healthy-weight increased the risk of early maturation 9.80, 6.99 and 1.81-fold, respectively. The equation of the model predicting maturation is: Logit (P) = 1/(1 + exp. (- (-31.386 + sex-boy * (1.124) + [chronological age = 10] * (-7.031) + [chronological age = 11] * (-4.338) + [chronological age = 12] * (-1.677) + age * (-2.075) + weight * 0.093 + height * (-0.141) + obesity * (-2.282) + overweight * (-1.944) + healthy weight * (-0.592)))). Logistic regression model predicted maturity with 80.7% [95% CI: 77.2-84.1%] accuracy. In addition, the model had a high sensitivity value (81.7% [76.2-86.6%]), which indicates that the model can successfully distinguish adolescents with early maturation. In conclusion, sex and obesity are independent predictors of maturity, and the risk of early maturation is increased, especially in the case of obesity and in girls.Öğe The level of the aggression in karate athletes with different handedness and belt grades(Mre Press, 2024) Alikhajeh, Yaser; Nabilpour, Maghsoud; Rahim, Gholam Rasul Mohammad; Ghollasimood, Mozhgan; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Yagin, Burak; Gulu, MehmetKarate athletes with different lateral talents possess different functions in terms of skills and personality characteristics in a way that handedness can be considered an advantage. Given that there is a paucity of research in the domain of personality characteristics, handedness and belt grades, the current research aims to investigate the relationship between handedness and belt grades with aggression among karate athletes. 120 male karate athletes participated. To measure handedness, we used Annette's handedness questionnaire and to measure aggression, we used Bredemeier's aggression questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed among participants one day before the tournament. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to measure the effects of belt grades and handedness on the level of aggression. The results of the study indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in the average level of aggression between left-handed and right-handed karate athletes. There was also no statistically significant difference in the average level of aggression between karate athletes with different belt grades.Öğe Using machine learning to determine the positions of professional soccer players in terms of biomechanical variables(Sage Publications Ltd, 2023) Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Hasan, Uday C. H.; Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Eken, Ozgur; Badicu, Georgian; Gulu, MehmetThis study aimed to predict professional soccer players' positions with machine learning according to certain locomotor demands. Data from 20 male professional soccer players (five defenders, eight midfielders, and seven attackers) from the same team were tracked daily with a global navigation satellite system. A total of 1910 individual training sessions were recorded. The 10-fold cross-validation method was used. Soccer player positions were predicted using predictive models created with random forest (RF), gradient boosting tree, bagging classification, and regression trees algorithms, and the results were evaluated with comprehensive performance measures. Ratios and an importance plot were used to analyze the importance of the variables according to their contributions to the estimation. The findings show that the RF model achieved 100% accuracy, which means that RF can predict all player positions (100%). Running distance (26.5%), total distance (17.2%), and player load (15.8%) were the three variables that contributed the most to the estimation of the RF model and were the most important factor in distinguishing player positions. Consequently, our proposed machine learning approach (RF model) can reduce false alarms and player mispositioning.Öğe Warm up with music and visual feedback can effect Wingate performance in futsal players(Bmc, 2022) Bayrakdaroglu, Serdar; Eken, Oezgur; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Bayer, Ramazan; Gulu, Mehmet; Akyildiz, Zeki; Nobari, HadiPurpose: Visual feedback and music while warm up may help elicit peak performance, but its effect during the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) in futsal players is unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of music and visual stimulus on WAnT performance in futsal players. Methods: The study included 17 young male futsal players (age, 21.53 +/- 1.32 years; height, 177.59 +/- 5.75 cm; 73.71 +/- 9.31 kg; BMI 23.342 +/- .47). The WAnT was administered using three distinct protocols: with music (M), without music (NM), and with music and visual feedback (MV) following a 10-min warm-up at 72-h intervals. After WAnT, the following parameters were evaluated: (a) peak power output: PPO (W), (b) relative peak power output: RPPO (W/kg), (c) mean power output: MPO (W), (d) relative mean power output: RMPO (W/kg), (e) fatigue index: FI (%), and (f) minimum power output MIPO (W). Results: MV indicated that futsal players' WAnT values, including PPO, RPPO, MPO, RMPO, and MIPO improved more than with other protocols (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between protocols for FI (%) WAnT values (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Listening to music and watching visual feedback while warm up before performing WAnT performance suggest to coaches and futsal players.
