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Öğe AI-powered segmentation of bifid mandibular canals using CBCT(Bmc, 2025) Gumussoy, Ismail; Demirezer, Kardelen; Duman, Suayip Burak; Haylaz, Emre; Bayrakdar, Ibrahim Sevki; Celik, Ozer; Syed, Ali ZakirObjectiveAccurate segmentation of the mandibular and bifid canals is crucial in dental implant planning to ensure safe implant placement, third molar extractions and other surgical interventions. The objective of this study is to develop and validate an innovative artificial intelligence tool for the efficient, and accurate segmentation of the mandibular and bifid canals on CBCT.Materials and methodsCBCT data were screened to identify patients with clearly visible bifid canal variations, and their DICOM files were extracted. These DICOM files were then imported into the 3D Slicer (R) open-source software, where bifid canals and mandibular canals were annotated. The annotated data, along with the raw DICOM files, were processed using the nnU-Netv2 training model by CranioCatch AI software team.Results69 anonymized CBCT volumes in DICOM format were converted to NIfTI file format. The method, utilizing nnU-Net v2, accurately predicted the voxels associated with the mandibular canal, achieving an intersection of over 50% in nearly all samples. The accuracy, Dice score, precision, and recall scores for the mandibular canal/bifid canal were determined to be 0.99/0.99, 0.82/0.46, 0.85/0.70, and 0.80/0.42, respectively.ConclusionsDespite the bifid canal segmentation not meeting the expected level of success, the findings indicate that the proposed method shows promising and has the potential to be utilized as a supplementary tool for mandibular canal segmentation. Due to the significance of accurately evaluating the mandibular canal before surgery, the use of artificial intelligence could assist in reducing the burden on practitioners by automating the complicated and time-consuming process of tracing and segmenting this structure.Clinical relevanceBeing able to distinguish bifid channels with artificial intelligence will help prevent neurovascular problems that may occur before or after surgery.Öğe Assesment of Prelacrimal Recess in Patients With Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography(Sage Publications Inc, 2021) Duman, Suayip Burak; Gumussoy, IsmailBackground The prelacrimal recess approach, is frequently preferred in creating a minimally invasive surgical corridors. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the Prelacrimal recess (PLR) anatomy using Cone Beam Computed Tomography in patients with Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia. Methods The paranasal Cone Beam Computed Tomography series of 84 adults were analyzed retrospectively. The antero-posterior and mesio-distal widths of the PLR and the antero-posterior width of the naso-lacrimal duct were measured. The patients were divided into three groups according to the antero-posterior width of PLR to evaluate the feasibility of prelacrimal recess approach as Type 1 (0-3 mm), Type 2 (>3-7 mm) and Type 3 (>7 mm). Results The mean antero-posterior width of PLR was 3.11 +/- 1.49mm in the patients and 4.77 +/- 1.76 mm in the controls. The mean mesio-distal width of PLR was 7.64 +/- 1.49 mm in the patients and 3.17 +/- 2.05 mm in the controls. The mean antero-posterior width of naso-lacrimal duct was 9.58 +/- 2.80 mm in the patients and 9.46 +/- 2.42 mm in the controls. Conclusions The width of the antero-posterior PLR in patients with Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia was found to be significantly lower in comparison to individuals with normal maxillary sinuses in the measurements performed on paranasal Cone Beam Computed Tomography scans. Hence, while planning a Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery with prelacrimal recess approach for maxillary sinus, the anatomical structure of the naso-sinusoidal region should be carefully analyzed, and individual anatomical variations such as Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia should not be ignored.Öğe Automated 3D segmentation of the hyoid bone in CBCT using nnU-Net v2: a retrospective study on model performance and potential clinical utility(Bmc, 2025) Gumussoy, Ismail; Haylaz, Emre; Duman, Suayip Burak; Kalabalik, Fahrettin; Say, Seyda; Celik, Ozer; Bayrakdar, Ibrahim SevkiObjectiveThis study aimed to identify the hyoid bone (HB) using the nnU-Net based artificial intelligence (AI) model in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and assess the model's success in automatic segmentation.MethodsCBCT images of 190 patients were randomly selected. The raw data was converted to DICOM format and transferred to the 3D Slicer Imaging Software (Version 4.10.2; MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA). HB was labeled manually using the 3D Slicer. The dataset was divided into training, validation, and test sets in a ratio of 8:1:1. The nnU-Net v2 architecture was utilized to process the training and test datasets, generating the algorithm weight factors. To assess the model's accuracy and performance, a confusion matrix was employed. F1-score, Dice coefficient (DC), 95% Hausdorff distance (95% HD), and Intersection over Union (IoU) metrics were calculated to evaluate the results.ResultsThe model's performance metrics were as follows: DC = 0.9434, IoU = 0.8941, F1-score = 0.9446, and 95% HD = 1.9998. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated, yielding an AUC value of 0.98.ConclusionThe results indicated that the nnU-Net v2 model achieved high precision and accuracy in HB segmentation on CBCT images. Automatic segmentation of HB can enhance clinicians' decision-making speed and accuracy in diagnosing and treating various clinical conditions.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.Öğe Automatic Segmentation of the Infraorbital Canal in CBCT Images: Anatomical Structure Recognition Using Artificial Intelligence(Mdpi, 2025) Gumussoy, Ismail; Haylaz, Emre; Duman, Suayip Burak; Kalabalik, Fahrettin; Eren, Muhammet Can; Say, Seyda; Celik, OzerBackground/Objectives: The infraorbital canal (IOC) is a critical anatomical structure that passes through the anterior surface of the maxilla and opens at the infraorbital foramen, containing the infraorbital nerve, artery, and vein. Accurate localization of this canal in maxillofacial, dental implant, and orbital surgeries is of great importance to preventing nerve damage, reducing complications, and enabling successful surgical planning. The aim of this study is to perform automatic segmentation of the infraorbital canal in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images using an artificial intelligence (AI)-based model. Methods: A total of 220 CBCT images of the IOC from 110 patients were labeled using the 3D Slicer software (version 4.10.2; MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA). The dataset was split into training, validation, and test sets at a ratio of 8:1:1. The nnU-Net v2 architecture was applied to the training and test datasets to predict and generate appropriate algorithm weight factors. The confusion matrix was used to check the accuracy and performance of the model. As a result of the test, the Dice Coefficient (DC), Intersection over the Union (IoU), F1-score, and 95% Hausdorff distance (95% HD) metrics were calculated. Results: By testing the model, the DC, IoU, F1-score, and 95% HD metric values were found to be 0.7792, 0.6402, 0.787, and 0.7661, respectively. According to the data obtained, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn, and the AUC value under the curve was determined to be 0.91. Conclusions: Accurate identification and preservation of the IOC during surgical procedures are of critical importance to maintaining a patient's functional and sensory integrity. The findings of this study demonstrated that the IOC can be detected with high precision and accuracy using an AI-based automatic segmentation method in CBCT images. This approach has significant potential to reduce surgical risks and to enhance the safety of critical anatomical structures.Öğe Automatic Segmentation of the Nasolacrimal Canal: Application of the nnU-Net v2 Model in CBCT Imaging(Mdpi, 2025) Haylaz, Emre; Gumussoy, Ismail; Duman, Suayip Burak; Kalabalik, Fahrettin; Eren, Muhammet Can; Demirsoy, Mustafa Sami; Celik, OzerBackground/Objectives: There are various challenges in the segmentation of anatomical structures with artificial intelligence due to the different structural features of the relevant region/tissue. The aim of this study was to detect the nasolacrimal canal (NLC) using the nnU-Net v2 convolutional neural network (CNN) model in cone beam-computed tomography (CBCT) images and to evaluate the successful performance of the model in automatic segmentation. Methods: CBCT images of 100 patients were randomly selected from the data archive. The raw data were transferred to the 3D Slicer imaging software in DICOM format (Version 4.10.2; MIT, Massachusetts, USA). NLC was labeled using the polygonal type of manual method. The dataset was split into training, validation and test sets in a ratio of 8:1:1. nnU-Net v2 architecture was applied to the training and test datasets to predict and generate appropriate algorithm weight factors. The confusion matrix was used to check the accuracy and performance of the model. As a result of the test, the Dice Coefficient (DC), Intersection over Union (IoU), F1-Score and 95% Hausdorff distance (95% HD) metrics were calculated. Results: By testing the model, DC, IoU, F1-Scores and 95% HD metric values were found to be 0.8465, 0.7341, 0.8480 and 0.9460, respectively. According to the data obtained, the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn and the AUC value under the curve was determined to be 0.96. Conclusions: These results showed that the proposed nnU-Net v2 model achieves NLC segmentation on CBCT images with high precision and accuracy. The automated segmentation of NLC may assist clinicians in determining the surgical technique to be used to remove lesions, especially those affecting the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus.Öğe Comparative Morphometric Study of the Occipital Condyle in Class III and Class I Skeletal Malocclusion Patients(Mdpi, 2024) Gumussoy, Ismail; Duman, Suayip Burak; Miloglu, Ozkan; Demirsoy, Mustafa Sami; Dogan, Ayhan; Abdelkarim, Ahmed Z.; Guller, Mustafa TahaObjectives: Since the formation of skeletal malocclusions is closely linked to general craniofacial development, it is crucial to understand the anatomy and growth patterns of the skull base. This study aimed to assess the morphometry of the occipital condyle (OC) on CBCT scans of Class III skeletal malocclusion subjects and compare the findings with those of skeletal Class I malocclusion subjects. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on CBCT images based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sample consisted of 76 CBCT images of 38 skeletal Class III patients and 38 skeletal Class I patients. CBCT scans were used to measure mesiodistal width, sagittal length, coronal height, effective height of OC, and sagittal OC angle. Statistical analyses were conducted with RStudio software. Results: Significant differences were found in sagittal OC angle and sagittal length of OC between the study groups (p < 0.001). In other metrics, such as coronal height of OC, effective OC height, and mesiodistal width of OC between the groups, no significant differences were found. Class III malocclusions exhibited significantly reduced sagittal OC angle and sagittal length of OC compared to Class I malocclusions. The left side showed a significantly larger sagittal OC angle than the right side (p = 0.002). Conclusions: This preliminary study identified reduced sagittal angle and sagittal length of OC in patients with Class III skeletal malocclusion. Clinicians should recognize potential differences in OC morphometry in patients with skeletal malocclusions. Future studies involving larger populations are recommended to further investigate the relationship between skeletal malocclusions and posterior cranial base structures, including the OC.Öğe Cone beam computed tomography imaging of ponticulus posticus: prevalence, characteristics, and a review of the literature(Elsevier Science Inc, 2014) Bayrakdar, Ibrahim Sevki; Miloglu, Ozkan; Altun, Oguzhan; Gumussoy, Ismail; Durna, Dogan; Yilmaz, Ahmet BerhanObjective. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of ponticulus posticus (PP) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to describe the radiologic characteristics of the detected cases. Study Design. The presence and types of PP were investigated on 730 CBCT images. Results. PP was found in 17.4% (127) of the 730 CBCT scans. Of these 127 patients, 79 (10.8%) had bilateral PP and 48 (6.6%) had unilateral PP. Male predominance was found with a prevalence of 19.5% (54 of 277) and female prevalence was 16.1% (73 of 453). The prevalence of PP increased with age; the highest prevalence of PP was seen in those who were 49 to 81 years of age. Conclusions. This study shows that PP is not an uncommon anatomic variation and is a natural incidental finding on CBCT.Öğe Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of C-shape canals and longitudinal grooves of mandibular first and second molar teeth(2019) Duman, Şuayip B.; Duman, Sacide; Bayrakdar, İbrahim S.; Yasa, Yasin; Gumussoy, IsmailAbstract: Aim: This study aims to evaluate the anatomical features and prevalence of C-shaped roots and longitudinal grooves in mandibularfirst and second permanent teeth using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Material and Methods: CBCT records of first and second mandibular teeth from 839 patients who applied to the Department of Oraland Maxillofacial Radiology between 2011 and 2018 were used. The CBCT examination was performed at five different axial levelsand the mandibular molars were classified as types of longitudinal groove and C-shape according to the Fan criteria. Differencesbetween genders, age groups, left and right side and type of tooth were determined.Result: A total of 2903 teeth (1321 first molars and 1582 second molar) from 839 patients were included in the study. C-shapedcanals were found in mandibular first molar teeth with a prevalence of 0.15%, while 4.1% in mandibular second molar teeth. Only twomandibular first molars exhibited C-shaped canal. Female patients had a higher prevalence than males. Longitudinal grooves weremost commonly found lingual surface.Conclusions: The occurence of C-shaped canals in mandibular first and second molars among Turkish population was generallyless than in other populations. CBCT is a valuable tool to evaluate the C-shaped root canal configuration in vivo.Öğe Evaluation of radix entomolaris in mandibular first and second molars using cone-beam computed tomography and review of the literature(Springer, 2020) Duman, Suayip Burak; Duman, Sacide; Bayrakdar, Ibrahim Sevki; Yasa, Yasin; Gumussoy, IsmailObjectives The aim of the present study is to identify the prevalence of radix entomolaris in mandibular first and second molars and to determine morphological classifications and associations with other root and canals. Methods Mandibular first and second molar teeth of 850 Turkish patients were evaluated using cone-beam computed tomography. A total of 2800 mandibular first molars and second molars were screened. The CBCT examination was performed at five different axial levels. The prevalence of total radix entomolaris, unilateral-bilateral, right-left side and gender distributions, and the classification of radix entomolaris's canal configurations were measured. Results Radix entomolaris was found in 2.9% (n = 25) of the patients and 1.2% (n = 34) of the teeth. The prevalence of radix entomolaris in mandibular first molars was higher than in mandibular second molars (p < 0.01), in males than in females (p < 0.05) and in right side than left side. An additional tubercle was found in 23% of the teeth with radix entomolaris. For buccolingual orientation, Type A canal variation was the highest and Type C canal variation was the lowest. Regarding locations of cervical parts, Type III canal variation was the highest while Type I canal variation was the lowest. Conclusions The prevalence of radix entomolaris was lower in the Turkish population than in other Asian populations but, in multiethnic societies, it needs attention. Before starting endodontic treatment, the clinician should examine the radiography thoroughly and apply advanced radiography methods when necessary. Cone-beam computed tomography is a valuable advanced radiography method for assessing such anatomical variations in vivo.Öğe Evaluation of radix entomolaris in mandibular first and second molars using cone-beam computed tomography and review of the literature (vol 36, pg 320, 2020)(Springer, 2022) Duman, Suayip Burak; Duman, Sacide; Bayrakdar, Ibrahim Sevki; Yasa, Yasin; Gumussoy, Ismail[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Morphologic Evaluations of Hypoglossal Canal using Cone Beam Computed Tomography(Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2021) Duman, Suayip Burak; Seyrek, Mehmet; Yasa, Yasin; Gumussoy, Ismail; Dedeoglu, Numan; Bayrakdar, Ibrahim SevkiHypoglossal canal (HC) which begins from very slightly above the inner part of the anterolateral portion of the foramen magnum and is located above the occipital condyle of the occipital bone. The aim of this study is to examine HC morphology and variations using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The morphology and types of HC were investigated with 303 CBCT images (606 side). type 1 variation in 606 HC examined becomes the most commonly observed type (57.3%) while type 5 variation was the least common type of variation (0.8%). Type 1 BC was statistically higher in males (p=0.004). Because of HC, which is an anthropologically important point and enters the field of images in CBCT scan, it is recommended that dental radiologists should be aware of their variations and be wary of the pathologies that may occur in this region.Öğe Morphometric analysis of occipital condyles using alternative imaging technique(Springer France, 2020) Gumussoy, Ismail; Duman, Suayip B.Purpose The occipital condyles (OCs) are crucial anatomical structures in the cranial base. To our knowledge, there is no cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)-based study on the morphometric analysis of OCs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphometric analysis of OCs using CBCT. Methods CBCT images of 200 OCs from 100 patients of which 39 males and 61 females in the age group of 18-67 years were included in the study population. Linear and angular measurements of OCs were performed. Results The average OC width, length, height, sagittal angle, and effective height were 10.3 +/- 1.3 mm, 19.6 +/- 2.0 mm, 9.1 +/- 1.4 mm, 7.4 +/- 1.7 mm, and 35.3 +/- 5.2 mm. Condylar width and sagittal angle measurements were found significantly different between the right and left sides; and were not found significant difference between the right and left sides in the measurements of condylar height, length, and effective height. Also the average intercondylar anterior distance (ICAD), intercondylar posterior distance (ICPD), distance between the basion and the anterior apex of the occipital condyle (B-AAOC), distance between the basion and posterior apex of the occipital condyle (B-PAOC), distance between the opisthion and anterior apex of occipital condyle (O-AAOC), and distance between the opisthion and posterior apex of occipital condyle (O-PAOC) were 20.9 +/- 1.5 mm, 44.0 +/- 2.0 mm, 12.3 +/- 1.9 mm, 34.5 +/- 4.2 mm, 29.8 +/- 1.7 mm, and 27.0 +/- 2.1 mm. There was not significant difference in the morphometric measurements among age groups. All morphometric measurements showed a significant difference depending on gender. Conclusions The morphometric evaluation of OCs may be effectively examined using CBCT. Linear and angular measurements data of OCs in the present study may be used as a reference database for future morphometric and surgical investigations.Öğe Morphometric Analysis of Sella Turcica Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2017) Yasa, Yasin; Ocak, Ali; Bayrakdar, Ibrahim Sevki; Duman, Suayip Burak; Gumussoy, IsmailObjective: The purpose of this study was to assess morphological shape and morphometric analysis of the sella turcica using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in different planes of section (coronal and sagittal). Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 177 subjects of which 51 males and 126 females in the age group of 11 to 73 years were included in the study population. Linear dimensions which include the length, depth, diameter, and interclinoid distance were measured and the shape of sella turcica was analyzed. Results: Sella turcica had circular morphology in 69.5% of the subjects while flattened shape of sella turcica was observed in 16.4%, oval shape of sella turcica in 14%. There was no significant difference in the all measurements of sella turcica between males and females (P > 0.05). Diameter (P < 0.01), depth (P < 0.001), length (P < 0.05), and interclinoid distance (P < 0.05) of the sella turcica differed significantly with age. Conclusions: The anatomical structure of sella turcica can be studied effectively in CBCT images. Linear dimensions and shape of sella turcica in the current study can be used as reference standards for further investigations.Öğe Morphometric Analysis of the Infraorbital Foramen in Children and Adolescents with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A CBCT Study(Mdpi, 2025) Haylaz, Emre; Kalabalik, Fahrettin; Gumussoy, Ismail; Duman, Suayip Burak; Eren, Muhammet Can; Say, Seyda; Akarcay, Furkan OsmanAim: A precise understanding of the morphometric characteristics of the infraorbital foramen (IOF) is essential for ensuring safe and effective surgical interventions and regional anesthesia in children and adolescents with cleft lip and palate (CLP). This study aimed to investigate the morphometric characteristics of the IOF using CBCT in children and adolescents with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and to compare the cleft side (CS) with the non-cleft side (NCS). Materials and Method: CBCT scans of 48 individuals with UCLP were analyzed, evaluating a total of 96 IOFs. Reference anatomical landmarks included the supraorbital margin (SOM), infraorbital margin (IOM), nasion (N), anterior nasal spine (ANS), tuber maxilla (TM), sella (S), lateral margin of the apertura piriform (LAP), jugale (J), and midline (M). Distances from the IOF to these landmarks were measured and compared between the CS and NCS. Soft tissue thickness over the IOF was also assessed, and the IOF shape was evaluated separately for each side. Results: The V-oval form was the most common IOF shape on both sides. No significant differences were found in vertical or horizontal diameters between the CS and NCS (p > 0.05). Distances from the IOF to IOM, SOM, S, N, LAP, and midline were significantly shorter on the CS (p < 0.05), whereas distances to ANS and J were significantly longer on the CS (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in IOF-TM distances or soft tissue thickness (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In individuals with UCLP, the IOF exhibits significant side-specific variations relative to key anatomical landmarks. These differences should be considered in infraorbital nerve block administration and surgical planning to improve accuracy and safety.
