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Antimicrobial activities of bis-(N-alkylbenzimidazole)-cobalt(II) and zinc (II) complexes
(Elsevier, 2023) Sahin, Neslihan; Ustuen, Elvan; Ozdemir, Ilknur; Gunal, Selami; Ozdemir, Namik; Bulbul, Hakan; Gurbuz, Nevin
Eight benzimidazole precursors (L), namely 1-allyl-benzimidazole, 1-methallyl-benzimidazole, 1-isopropyl-benzimidazole, 1-(3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methyl-benzimidazole, 1-allyl-5,6-dimethyl-benzimidazole, 1-methallyl-5,6dimethyl-benzimidazole, 1-isopropyl-5,6-dimethyl-benzimidazole and 1-(3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methyl-5,6dimethyl-benzimidazole, were coordinated to cobalt(II) and zinc(II) cations to form complexes of the type [MCl2L2]. Single-crystal X-ray structures were determined for two cobalt(II) and for one zinc(II) complexes and confirmed their tetrahedral molecular geometry. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of these two series of cobalt(II) and zinc(II) complexes were studied against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae), Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) bacteria and fungal strains (Candida albicans and Candida glabrata). Overall, cobalt(II) complexes were more effective than the zinc(II) complexes against all microorganisms. The most significant results were obtained with the two dichloro-bis(1-allyl-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole)-cobalt(II) and dichloro-bis(1-methallyl-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole)-cobalt(II) complexes against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata fungi with measured minimal inhibitory concentrations as low as 0.024 mu mol/mL, values close to those obtained with the commercially available drug Flucanozole (0.020 mu mol/mL).
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities and Phenolic Compounds of Inula peacockiana and Inula thapsoides ssp thapsoides
(Springer, 2016) Gokbulut, Alper; Gunal, Selami; Sarer, Engin
[Abstract Not Available]
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities, and Phenolic Compounds of Selected Inula species from Turkey
(Sage Publications Inc, 2013) Gokbulut, Alper; Ozhan, Onural; Satilmis, Basri; Batcioglu, Kadir; Gunal, Selami; Sarer, Engin
Three Inula species, I. viscosa, I. helenium ssp. turcoracemosa and I. montbretiana, collected from different locations of Anatolia were investigated for their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential, and their total phenolic content and phenolic composition. Antioxidant activities of various extracts of the plant parts were measured using DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS assays. Antimicrobial potential of methanol extracts of the plant parts was determined by the agar dilution method against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. All the extracts were more active against Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts than Gram-negative bacteria. The extracts exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in different concentrations. Total phenolic concentration of the extracts was estimated with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent using gallic acid as standard. The total phenolic content varied widely in different parts of the three tested Inula species, ranging from 21.1 +/- 0.8 to 190.9 +/- 6.1 mg GAE/g extract. Phenolic components, such as chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, myricetin, quercetin, luteolin and kaempferol were quantified by HPLC-DAD in the methanol extracts of the Inula species. It was obvious that the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the plants were due to the phenolics.
Antioxidant and antithrombotic properties of fruit, leaf, and seed extracts of the Halhal? olive (Olea europaea L.) native to the Hatay region in Turkey
(Kemerovo State Univ, 2023) Batcioglu, Kadir; Kucukbay, Fatumetuzzehra; Alagoz, Mehmet Abdullah; Gunal, Selami; Yilmaztekin, Yakup
The olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important plants grown in many Mediterranean countries that has a high economic value. Olives, which are specific to each region, have different bioactive components. In this study, we investigated the phenolic/flavonoid contents, as well as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antithrombotic activities of the fruit, leaf, and seed extracts obtained from the Halhali olive grown in Arsuz district of Hatay, Turkey. Antioxidant activities of the phenolic compounds found in the olive fruit, seed, and leaf extracts were determined by employing established in vitro systems. Total phenolics were determined as gallic acid equivalents, while total flavonoids were determined as quercetin equivalents. Also, we evaluated a possible interaction between oleuropein and aggregation-related glycoproteins of the platelet surface via docking studies. The extracts showed effective antioxidant activity. The seed extract had the highest phenolic content of 317.24 mu g GAE, while the fruit extract had the highest flavonoid content of 4.43 mu g. The highest potential for metal chelating activity was found in the leaf extract, with an IC50 value of 13.33 mg/mL. Also, the leaf extract showed higher levels of antioxidant, antithrombotic, and antimicrobial activity, compared to the fruit and seed extracts. The docking scores of oleuropein against the target molecules GPVI, alpha 2 beta 1, and GPIb alpha were calculated as -3.798, -4.315, and -6.464 kcal/mol, respectively. The olive fruit, leaf, and seed extracts used as experimental material in our study have remarkable antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antithrombotic potential.
Beijing/w and major spoligotype families of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from tuberculosis patients in Eastern Turkey
(Edizioni Int Srl, 2009) Otlu, Baris; Durmaz, Riza; Gunal, Selami; Sola, Christophe; Zozio, Thierry; Rastogi, Nalin
The aim of this study was to determine the Beijing/W family and major phylogenetic clades of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains Of tuberculosis patients in a city with a tuberculosis incidence higher than the country average. A total of 220 M. tuberculosis strains isolated over a period of more than four years were typed by spoligotyping. Spoligotyping resulted in 64 different patterns, 38 (17.3%) of which were unique, and 26 were clusters including 182 (82.7%) strains. The major shared types were ST 53 (n=55, 25%), ST 41 (LAM7-TUR; n=19, 8.6%), and ST 284 (n=15, 6.8%). The major clades observed ranked in the following order: ill-defined T superfamily (n=112, 50.9%); Latino-American-Mediterranean (LAM; n=33, 15%); Haarlem (n=24, 10.9%); and the S family (n=9, 4.1%). Three strains were in the Beijing family. A high number of strains (33 strains) showed patterns that did not fall within any of the major clades described. M. tuberculosis strains in Malatya have both STs showing a widespread distribution over the world and those restricted to this city, confirming the highly diverse nature of tuberculosis. Our results Suggest that the Beijing clade, which is more prevalent among the strains with MDR and isoniazid resistance, is currently not a problem in Eastern Turkey.
Benzimidazolium-based novel silver N-heterocyclic carbene complexes: synthesis, characterisation and in vitro antimicrobial activity
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Sari, Yakup; Akkoc, Senem; Gok, Yetkin; Sifniotis, Vicki; Ozdemir, Ilknur; Gunal, Selami; Kayser, Veysel
This study reports the synthesis, characterisation and antimicrobial activity of five novel silver N-heterocyclic carbene (Ag-NHC) complexes obtained by N-propylphthalimide and N-methyldioxane substituted benzimidazolium salts with silver oxide. The reactions were performed at room temperature for 24 h in the absence of light. The obtained complexes were identified and characterised by H-1 and C-13 NMR, FT-IR and elemental analysis techniques. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the complexes was determined for E. coli, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, S. aureus, C. tropicalis and C. albicans in vitro through agar and broth dilution. The results indicated that these complexes exhibit antimicrobial activity. In particular, complex 3 presented the significant broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.
A CASE OF FATAL DISSEMINATED INFECTION CAUSED BY MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS BCG STRAIN AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE ISOLATE BY SPOLIGOTYPING
(Ankara Microbiology Soc, 2010) Aslan, Gonul; Kuyucu, Necdet; Aydin, Esin; Gunal, Selami; Emekdas, Gurol
The vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG may lead to disseminated infection in patients with immune deficiency In this report a patient who developed fatal disseminated tuberculosis caused by M bovis BCG strain was presented One year old male patient with the previous history of recurrent lower respiratory tract infection, was admitted to the hospital with the complaints of fever, cough and diarrhea continuing for 20 days There was no family history of tuberculosis or history of contact with a tuberculosis case. Physical examination of the case revealed growth retardation and reticular and reticulonodular infiltration was detected in his chest X-ray. The results of sweat test, cystic fibrosis gene mutation analysis and metabolic screening tests were normal. Since fever continued and infiltrations persisted in the chest X-ray despite antibiotic therapy, PPD test was applied and acid-fast bacilli (AFB) were investigated in his gastric aspirate and stool samples for three consecutive days. PPD test was negative and no AFB were detected in the microscopic examination of the clinical samples. However, growth in Lowenstein-Jensen medium was detected in the stool sample on the 38(th) day of incubation. The antimycobacterial susceptibility testing performed at BACTEC MGIT (Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube) 960 system (Becton-Dickinson, USA) revealed that the isolate was susceptible to rifampin, isoniazid, streptomicin and ethambutol Since the isolates did not grow at PNB (para-nitro benzoic acid) medium and niacin and nitrate activities were negative, spoligotyping (spacer oligonucleotide typing) was performed and DR loci characteristic for M bovis BCG strain were detected. However, the patient died 2 weeks before the culture results were obtained The effective use of mycobacteriology laboratories and cooperation between laboratory and clinics provide advantages in the early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis cases, decreasing the morbidity and the mortality.
Catechol-bearing imidazolium and benzimidazolium chlorides as promising antimicrobial agents
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2020) Karatas, Mert O.; Gunal, Selami; Mansur, Ahmet; Alici, Bulent; Ozdemir, Ismail
Catechol-containing imidazolium (four) and benzimidazolium chlorides (eight) were synthesized to evaluate their antimicrobial properties. All the compounds were fully characterized using H-1 and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopic methods, and elemental analyses. Antimicrobial activities of the compounds were tested against the bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Enterococcus faecalis, and the fungal strains Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, and promising results were achieved. The two most important benzyl-substituted benzimidazolium chlorides, 3l and 3k, showed comparable activity to vancomycin against MRSA.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF Teucrium orientale var. orientale AND Teucrium orientale var. puberulens
(Springer, 2011) Kucukbay, F. Zehra; Yildiz, Bayram; Kuyumcu, Ebru; Gunal, Selami
[Abstract Not Available]
Comparison of keypads and touch-screen mobile phones/devices as potential risk for microbial contamination
(J Infection Developing Countries, 2015) Koroglu, Mehmet; Gunal, Selami; Yildiz, Fatma; Savas, Mehtap; Ozer, Ali; Altindis, Mustafa
Introduction: Touch-screen mobile phones/devices (TMPs/Ds) are increasingly used in hospitals. They may act as a mobile reservoir for microbial pathogens. The rates of microbial contamination of TMPs/Ds and keypad mobile phones (KMPs) with respect to different variables including use by healthcare workers (HCWs)/non-HCWs and the demographic characteristics of users were investigated. Methodology: A total of 205 mobile phones/devices were screened for microbial contamination: 76 devices belonged to HCWs and 129 devices belonged to the non-HCW group. By rubbing swabs to front screen, back, keypad, and metallic surfaces of devices, 444 samples were collected. Results: Of 205 mobile phones/devices, 143 (97.9%) of the TMPs/Ds and 58 (98.3%) of the KMPs were positive for microbial contamination, and there were no significant differences in contamination rates between these groups, although TMPs/Ds had significantly higher microbial load than KMPs (p < 0.05). The significant difference in this analysis was attributable to the screen size of mobile phones >= 5 ''. Microbial contamination rates increased significantly as phone size increased (p < 0.05). Higher numbers of coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) were isolated from KMPs than TMPs/Ds (p = 0.049). The incidence of Enterococcus spp. was higher on the KMPs of HCWs, and methicillin resistant CNS was higher from the TMPs/Ds of non-HCWs (p < 0.05). Isolation of CNS, Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli was higher from the TMPs/Ds of HCWs (p < 0.05). Conclusions: We found no significant difference between TMP/Ds and KMPs in terms of microbial contamination, but TMP/Ds harboured more colonies and total microbial counts increased with screen size.
Cyanopropyl functionalized benzimidazolium salts and their silver N-heterocyclic carbene complexes: Synthesis, antimicrobial activity, and theoretical analysis
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2022) Turker, Dilek; Ustun, Elvan; Gunal, Selami; Yildiz, Hatice; Dusunceli, Serpil D.; Ozdemir, Ismail
The reaction of N-substituted benzimidazole with 4-bromobutyronitrile gives the corresponding benzimidazolium salts as N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors. Silver(I) carbene complexes are synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding benzimidazolium salts with Ag2O in dichloromethane. These new NHC precursors and Ag-NHC complexes were characterized by spectroscopy techniques and also screened for their antibacterial activities against the standard bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis, and the standard fungal strains Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, and promising results were achieved. The compounds were also analyzed by density functional theory (DFT)/time-dependent DFT and docking methods.
Demographic and microbial characteristics of extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases diagnosed in Malatya, Turkey, 2001-2007
(Biomed Central Ltd, 2011) Gunal, Selami; Yang, Zhenhua; Agarwal, Mansi; Koroglu, Mehmet; Arici, Zeynep Kazgan; Durmaz, Riza
Background: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) has an increasing rate in Turkey. The reason remains largely unknown. A better understanding of the demographic and microbial characteristics of EPTB in the Turkish population would extend the knowledgebase of EPTB and allow us to develop better strategies to control tuberculosis (TB). Methods: We retrospectively evaluated clinical and laboratory data of 397 bacteriologically-confirmed TB cases diagnosed during an eight year-period using by chi-square analysis and multivariate logistic regression model. Results: Of the 397 study patients, 103 (25.9%) had EPTB and 294 (74.1%) had pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). The most commonly seen two types of EPTB were genitourinary TB (27.2%) and meningeal TB (19.4%). TB in bone/joints, pleural cavity, lymph nodes, skin, and peritoneal cavity occurred at a frequency ranging from 9.7% to 10.7%. The age distribution was significantly different (P < 0.01) between PTB and EPTB, with patients older than 45 years tending to have an increased risk of EPTB. Furthermore, the distribution of different types of EPTB differed significantly among age groups (P = 0.03). Meningeal and bone and/or joint TB were more commonly observed among the male patients, while lymphatic, genitourinary, and peritoneal TB cases were more frequently seen among females. Unique strain infection was statistically significantly associated with EPTB (OR: 2.82, 95% CI [1.59, 5.00]). Conclusions: EPTB accounted for a significant proportion of TB cases in Malatya, Turkey between 2001 and 2007. The current study has provided an insight into the dynamics of EPTB in Malatya, Turkey. However, the risk factors for having EPTB in Malatya, Turkey remain to be assessed in future studies using population-based or randomly selected sample.
Design, synthesis, antimicrobial activity and molecular docking study of cationic bis-benzimidazole-silver(I) complexes
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2023) Ustun, Elvan; Sahin, Neslihan; Ozdemir, Ilknur; Gunal, Selami; Gurbuez, Nevin; Ozdemir, Ismail; Semeril, David
Two series of bis(1-alkylbenzimidazole)silver(I) nitrate and bis(1-alkyl-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole)silver(I) nitrate complexes, in which the alkyl substituent is either an allyl, a 2-methylallyl, an isopropyl or a 3-methyloxetan-3-yl-methyl chain, were synthesized and fully characterized. The eight N-coordinated silver(I) complexes were screened for both antimicrobial activities against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, and Enterococcus faecalis) bacteria and antifungal activities against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata strains. Moderate minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 0.087 & mu;mol/mL were found when the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were treated with the silver complexes. Nevertheless, MIC values of 0.011 & mu;mol/mL, twice lower than for the well-known fluconazole, against the two fungi were measured. In addition, molecular docking was carried out with the structure of Escherichia coli DNA gyrase and CYP51 from the pathogen Candida glabrata with the eight organometallic complexes, and molecular reactivity descriptors were calculated with the density functional theory-based calculation methods.
Determination of Mineral Content and Antimicrobial Activity of Natural and Cultural Forms of Pleurotus ostreatus
(Kastamonu Univ, Orman Fak, 2016) Sevindik, Mustafa; Akgul, Hasan; Gunal, Selami; Dogan, Muhittin
In this study, Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq. ex. Fr., which are collected from Gaziantep and its culture form that are sold in stores are used as material. Antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of P. ostreatus is determined by agar dilution method. Also, mineral composition of P. ostreatus are determined in atomic absorption spectrometry by wet digestion method. The aim of the study is to detect and compare both mineral content and antimicrobial activity of natural and cultural forms of P. ostreatus. In the studies, the fungus has been shown to have low antimicrobial activity. It is said to be higher than the natural form of mineral metal levels.
Distribution of Spoligotyping Defined Genotypic Lineages among Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Clinical Isolates in Ankara, Turkey
(Public Library Science, 2012) Kisa, Ozgul; Tarhan, Gulnur; Gunal, Selami; Albay, Ali; Durmaz, Riza; Saribas, Zeynep; Zozio, Thierry
Background: Investigation of genetic heterogeneity and spoligotype-defined lineages of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates collected during a three-year period in two university hospitals and National Tuberculosis Reference and Research Laboratory in Ankara, Turkey. Methods and Findings: A total of 95 drug-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates collected from three different centers were included in this study. Susceptibility testing of the isolates to four major antituberculous drugs was performed using proportion method on Lowenstein-Jensen medium and BACTEC 460-TB system. All clinical isolates were typed by using spoligotyping and IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. Seventy-three of the 95 (76.8%) drug resistant M. tuberculosis isolates were isoniazid-resistant, 45 (47.4%) were rifampicin-resistant, 32 (33.7%) were streptomycin-resistant and 31 (32.6%) were ethambutol-resistant. The proportion of multidrug-resistant isolates (MDR) was 42.1%. By using spoligotyping, 35 distinct patterns were observed; 75 clinical isolates were grouped in 15 clusters (clustering rate of 79%) and 20 isolates displayed unique patterns. Five of these 20 unique patterns corresponded to orphan patterns in the SITVIT2 database, while 4 shared types containing 8 isolates were newly created. The most prevalent M. tuberculosis lineages were: Haarlem (23/95, 24.2%), ill-defined T superfamily (22/95, 23.2%), the Turkey family (19/95, 20%; previously designated as LAM7-TUR), Beijing (6/95, 6.3%), and Latin-America & Mediterranean (LAM, 5/95 or 5.3%), followed by Manu (3/95, 3.2%) and S (1/95, 1%) lineages. Four of the six Beijing family isolates (66.7%) were MDR. A combination of IS6110-RFLP and spoligotyping reduced the clustering rate from 79% to 11.5% among the drug resistant isolates. Conclusions: The results obtained showed that ill-defined T, Haarlem, the Turkey family (previously designated as LAM7-TUR family with high phylogeographical specifity for Turkey), Beijing and LAM were predominant lineages observed in almost 80% of the drug-Resistant M. tuberculosis complex clinical isolates in Ankara, Turkey.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Topical Anesthetics
(Ortadogu Ad Pres & Publ Co, 2011) Orman, Gozde; Cankaya, Cem; Doganay, Selim; Gunal, Selami; Otlu, Baris
Objective: To investigate the antimicrobial activities of the drugs used as topical anesthetics. Material and Methods: Test drugs (oxybuprocaine 0.4%, proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5%, lidocaine 10%) were tested for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 29213, Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae)ATCC 27336, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) ATCC 27853, standard strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 25922 and Candida albicans (C. albicans) using modified microplate alamar blue method (MABA) in different concentrations according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. Results: S. Pneumoniae proliferated in none of the dilutions of three topical anesthetics. S. aureus proliferated in all dilutions of oxybuprocaine and lidocaine and in no dilutions of proparacaine hydrochloride. P. Aeruginosa proliferated in 0.2% dilution of oxybuprocaine and 2.5% and 5% dilutions of lidocaine and in all dilutions of proparacaine hydrochloride. C. albicans proliferated in 0.05% and 0.025 % dilutions of oxybuprocaine, 1.25% and 0.625% dilutions of lidocaine, 0.125%, 0.0625% and 0.0312% dilutions of proparacaine hydrochloride. E. Coll proliferated in all dilutions of oxybuprocaine, 0.625% dilutions of lidocaine and 0.125%, 0.0625% and 0.0312% dilutions of proparacaine hydrochloride. Conclusio: Topical anesthetics that are used before sample collection in superficial ocular infections can cause false results in cultures by inhibating proliferations of microorganisms. Thus, it is important to know the effects of topical anesthetics and dilutions on bacterial proliferation.
Genetic diversity and major spoligotype families of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from different regions of Turkey (vol 7, pg 513, 2007)
(Elsevier, 2008) Durmaz, Riza; Zozio, Thierry; Gunal, Selami; Yaman, Akgun; Cavusoglu, Cengiz; Guney, Cengiz; Sola, Christophe
[Abstract Not Available]
Gold(I) Complexes of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands Containing Benzimidazole: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity
(Mdpi, 2010) Ozdemir, Ilknur; Temelli, Nazan; Gunal, Selami; Demir, Serpil
Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes were obtained in good yields from the corresponding silver complexes by treatment with [AuCl(PPh3)] following the commonly used silver carbene transfer route. The silver complexes were synthesized from the benzimidazolium halide salts by the in situ reactions with Ag2O in dichloromethane as a solvent at room temperature. All gold complexes have been characterized by H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR and IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Au-NHC complexes were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungal species.
In vitro antimicrobial studies of naphthalen-1-ylmethyl substituted silver N-heterocyclic carbene complexes
(Elsevier, 2019) Gok, Yetkin; Akkoc, Senem; Celikal, Ozlem Ozeroglu; Ozdemir, Ilknur; Gunal, Selami
Seven novel naphthalen-1-ylmethyl substituted silver N-heterocyclic carbene (Ag-NHC) complexes (1-7) were synthesized by the interaction of benzimidazolium salts with silver carbonate in dry dichloromethane at room temperature and characterized by means of spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis techniques. The Ag-NHC compounds were tested for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis and showed high antimicrobial activities. The synthesized complexes, in particular, demonstrated better results against both fungi and gram-positive bacteria. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
Integration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Drug Susceptibility Testing and Genotyping with Epidemiological Data Analysis To Gain Insight into the Epidemiology of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Malatya, Turkey
(Amer Soc Microbiology, 2010) Agarwal, Mansi; Gunal, Selami; Durmaz, Riza; Yang, Zhenhua
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) presents a major challenge to global TB control. To gain a better understanding of drug-resistant TB epidemiology in Malatya, Turkey, we conducted the present study using 397 Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates collected from Malatya, Turkey, in recent years (2000-2007). Resistance to any anti-TB drug was found in 29% (114 of 397) of the study isolates, while the multidrug resistance (MDR) rate was similar to 4.5% (18 of 397). Resistances to isoniazid (15.5%) and streptomycin (13.4%) were about twice as high as resistance to rifampin (RMP) (6.3%) and ethambutol (EMB) (6.0%). Importantly, 28% (7 of 25) of the RMP-resistant isolates were non-MDR isolates, as when a significant proportion of RMP-resistant isolates in a population are non-MDR, the predictive value of molecular detection of RMP resistance for MDR can be significantly reduced. Both identical and varied drug resistance patterns were seen in the same genotyping-defined clusters, suggesting that both primary and acquired resistance have contributed to the drug-resistant TB epidemic in Malatya, Turkey. In addition, drug-resistant cases were found to be more likely to be males (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.82 [1.13, 2.94]), suggesting a potential role of gender in the epidemiology of drug-resistant TB in the study population. This study demonstrates that the integration of drug susceptibility testing with genotyping and epidemiological data analysis represents a useful approach to studying the epidemiology of drug-resistant TB.

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