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Öğe Clinical presentation, management, screening and surveillance for colorectal cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic(Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 2022) Akbulut, Sami; Hargura, Abdirahman Sakulen; Garzali, Ibrahim Umar; Aloun, Ali; Colak, CemilManagement of colorectal cancer (CRC) was severely affected by the changes implemented during the pandemic, and this resulted in delayed elective presentation, increased emergency presentation, reduced screening and delayed definitive therapy. This review was conducted to analyze the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on management of CRC and to identify the changes made in order to adapt to the pandemic. We performed a literature search in PubMed, Medline, Index Medicus, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Reference Citation Analysis (https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com/) and Google Scholar using the following keywords in various combinations: Colorectal cancer, elective surgery, emergency surgery, stage upgrading, screening, surveillance and the COVID-19 pandemic. Only studies published in English were included. To curtail the spread of COVID-19 infection, there were modifications made in the management of CRC. Screening was limited to high risk individuals, and the screening tests of choice during the pandemic were fecal occult blood test, fecal immunochemical test and stool DNA testing. The use of capsule colonoscopy and open access colonoscopy was also encouraged. Blood-based tests like serum methylated septin 9 were also encouraged for screening of CRC during the pandemic. The presentation of CRC was also affected by the pandemic with more patients presenting with emergencies like obstruction and perforation. Stage migration was also observed during the pandemic with more patients presenting with more advanced tumors. The operative therapy of CRC was altered by the pandemic as more emergencies surgeries were done, which may require exteriorization by stoma. This was to reduce the morbidity associated with anastomosis and encourage early discharge from the hospital. There was also an initial reduction in laparoscopic surgical procedures due to the fear of aerosols and COVID-19 infection. As we gradually come out of the pandemic, we should remember the lessons learned and continue to apply them even after the pandemic passes.Öğe Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Inherited Metabolic Liver Diseases: A Single-Center Analysis(Aves, 2023) Garzali, Ibrahim Umar; Hargura, Abdirahman Sakulen; Ince, Volkan; Varol, Fatma Ilknur; Carr, Brian I.; Yilmaz, SezaiBackground/Aims: Liver transplantation is an acceptable treatment for some selected hepatocellular carcinoma. We report our experi-ence of 6 patients with liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma with background inherited metabolic disease. Materials and Methods: This is a single-center retrospective, descriptive study. Consecutive patients who underwent liver transplanta-tion for hepatocellular carcinoma with background inherited metabolic disease were included in the study. The record of the patients was accessed, and the following data were extracted: sociodemographic variables, type of metabolic disease, date of liver transplan-tation, tumor characteristics, laboratory parameters, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, immediate-and long-term outcome after transplantation, disease-free survival, and overall survival. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25.0. Results: Six patients received liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma with background inherited metabolic liver disease. The median age was 4.5 years. The median Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score was 29.30. The median maximum tumor diameter was 2.15 cm. Three patients had multiple tumor nodules. Half of the patients had microvascular invasion. Four of the patients had a mod-erately differentiated tumor. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type II is the commonest inherited metabolic disease seen in 3 patients. Median follow-up is 46.1 months. Half of the patients are currently more than 5 years post liver transplantation with no features of recurrence. The estimated survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years are 100%, 83.3%, and 83.3%, respectively. Conclusion: Liver transplant for these categories of patients is associated with good disease-free and overall survival, even in the pres-ence of some seemingly poor prognostic features.Öğe Measurement of oxidant and antioxidant levels in liver tissue obtained from patients with liver transplantation: A case-control study(Elsevier, 2022) Akbulut, Sami; Uremis, Muhammed Mehdi; Sarici, Kemal Baris; Uremis, Nuray; Hargura, Abdirahman Sakulen; Karakas, Serdar; Dogan, Ufuk GunayObjective: This study aimed to compare oxidant and antioxidant substance accumulation in the liver tissues of patients with chronic liver disease (recipients) who underwent liver transplantation (LT) with living liver donors (LLDs) who underwent living donor hepatectomy (LDH).Methods: This prospective study included 160 recipients (LT group) and 40 LLDs (LLD group). During surgery, a piece of liver tissue measuring a minimum of 10 x 10 mm was obtained from the edge of the right lobe of the liver of recipients and LLDs, incubated for 10 min in saline to remove blood, and stored at -70 degrees C until biochemical analysis was performed. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), prolidase, reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), total thiol, native thiol, and disulfide levels were measured in stored liver tissues.Results: There was a statistically significant difference between LT and LLD groups in terms of age (p < 0.001), body mass index (p = 0.019), GSH-Px (p < 0.001), SOD (p = 0.001), MPO (p < 0.001), prolidase (p < 0.001), GSH (p < 0.001), and MDA (p = 0.003) values in favor of the LT group. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant difference between LT and LLD groups in terms of CAT (p < 0.001), TAS (p < 0.001), TOS (p < 0.001), OSI (p < 0.001), total thiol (p < 0.001), native thiol (p < 0.001), and disulfide (p < 0.001) values in favor of the LLD group. There were no differences between the groups in terms of sex.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that it is possible to assess the extent of oxidative stress in liver tissues by measuring the levels of antioxidant enzymes, oxidants, or the end-products of oxidative stress. With the use of optimum and minimally invasive methods, quantifying these molecules will potentially help evaluate the extent of liver disease and prognostication of liver cirrhosis.Öğe Prognostic role of platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing liver transplantation(2023) Garzali, Ibrahim Umar; Hargura, Abdirahman Sakulen; İnce, Volkan; Usta, Sertaç; Aloun, Ali; Carr, Brian I.; Yılmaz, SezaiAim: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, but it is so aggressive that is the third most common cause of cancer related death. We aim to study the role of PLR in prognosis of HCC and to see if it can be a predictor of overall survival and disease-free survival among HCC patients that received liver transplantation in our center. Materials and Methods: This is a single center retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. The study was carried out in liver transplant institute of Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey. Consecutive patients that received liver transplantation for HCC and survive for at least 90 days post transplantation were included in the study. Data was collected regarding age, gender, presence or absence of cirrhosis, cause of cirrhosis, number of nodules, maximum size of the tumor, preoperative PLR, pre-transplant GGT, type of transplant, presence or absence of microvascular invasion, overall survival and disease-free survival. The study was censored on June 2022. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: Platelet lymphocyte ratio was found to be significantly associated with some poor prognostic factors of HCC in our patients. We found that PLR is significantly associated with maximum tumor diameter (MTD) and total tumor diameter (TTD) with p= <0.0001 and 0.0016 respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that PLR is a predictor of worse DFS or OS but when subjected to multivariate analysis, we found that PLR is not an independent predictor of OS and DFS. Conclusion: Platelet lymphocyte ratio is associated with poor prognostics feature of hepatocellular carcinoma.Öğe Retrospective cohort study of elderly patients with acute appendicitis(2017) Arer, Ilker Murat; Kus, Murat; Akkapulu, Nezih; Akdur, Aydincan; Hargura, Abdirahman Sakulen; Yabanoglu, HakanAim: Appendicitis is the most common surgical cause of abdominal pain among the patients being admitted to Emergency department. Although it affects younger patients, its incidence increases in elderly as the population gets older. Higher perforation and complication rates have been reported in elderly patients. The aim of this study is to investigate appendicitis in patients older than 65 years. Material and Methods: A total of 61 patients with performed appendectomy older than 65 years age were included in this study. Laparoscopic and open appendectomies were included. Data were collected retrospectively. Patients were analyzed according to demograhic data, operative findings, complications and mortality. Results: Of 61 patients, 34 (55.7%) were male and 27 (44.3%) were female. The mean age was found to be 71.59 years. The average duration of symptoms were 3.2 days. Laparoscopic appendectomy was performed in only 4 (6.6%) patients. The mean hospital stay was found to be 3.89 days. Complications were found in 13 (21.3%) patients. Mortality was found to be 3.3%. Perforated appendicitis was found to be associated with physical findings, CRP level and hospital stay (p<0.05). Abdominal ultrasound has a sensitivity of 45.2% and specificity of 66.7% and computerized tomography has higher sensitivity (82.1%) and specificity (100%). Conclusion: Prompt diagnosis and treatment should be performed in the elderly patients with suspected appendicitis in order to prevent complications and mortality. Radiological modalities should be used to ensure accurate diagnosis of appendicitis in elderly patients.Öğe Retrospective cohort study of elderly patients with acute appendicitis(2017) Arer, İlker Murat; Kus, Murat; Akkapulu, Nezih; Akkur, Aydincan; Avcı, Tevfik; Hargura, Abdirahman Sakulen; Yabanoğlu, HakanAbstract:Aim: Appendicitis is the most common surgical cause of abdominal pain among the patients being admitted to Emergency department. Although it affects younger patients, its incidence increases in elderly as the population gets older. Higher perforation and complication rates have been reported in elderly patients. The aim of this study is to investigate appendicitis in patients older than 65 years. Material and Methods: A total of 61 patients with performed appendectomy older than 65 years age were included in this study. Laparoscopic and open appendectomies were included. Data were collected retrospectively. Patients were analyzed according to demograhic data, operative findings, complications and mortality. Results: Of 61 patients, 34 (55.7%) were male and 27 (44.3%) were female. The mean age was found to be 71.59 years. The average duration of symptoms were 3.2 days. Laparoscopic appendectomy was performed in only 4 (6.6%) patients. The mean hospital stay was found to be 3.89 days. Complications were found in 13 (21.3%) patients. Mortality was found to be 3.3%. Perforated appendicitis was found to be associated with physical findings, CRP level and hospital stay (p<0.05). Abdominal ultrasound has a sensitivity of 45.2% and specificity of 66.7% and computerized tomography has higher sensitivity (82.1%) and specificity (100%). Conclusion: Prompt diagnosis and treatment should be performed in the elderly patients with suspected appendicitis in order to prevent complications and mortality. Radiological modalities should be used to ensure accurate diagnosis of appendicitis in elderly patients.Öğe Screening, Surveillance, and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Narrative Review(Springer, 2023) Akbulut, Sami; Garzali, Ibrahim Umar; Hargura, Abdirahman Sakulen; Aloun, Ali; Yilmaz, SezaiPurpose The COVID-19 pandemic has been a burden to the global community as a whole but the healthcare community had bore the brunt of it. The pandemic resulted in policy changes that interfered with effective healthcare delivery. The healthcare community attempted to cope with the pandemic by triaging and prioritizing emergency conditions especially COVID related, ahead of elective conditions like cancer care. There was also fear that patients with cancer were at an increased risk of sever COVID-19 with increased mortality. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was also affected by these policies. Methods We reviewed the modified measures adopted in screening, surveillance, and management of HCC during the pandemic using PubMed, Medline, Index Medicus, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar databases. Result The main modification in surveillance and screening for HCC during the pandemic includes limiting the surveillance to those with very high risk of HCC. The interval between surveillan was also delayed by few months in some cases. The adoption of teleconferencing for multidisciplinary team meetings and patient consultation is one of the highlights of this pandemic all in an effort to reduce contact and spread of the virus. The treatment of early-stage HCC was also modified as needed. The role of ablative therapy in the management of early HCC was very prominent during the pandemic as the surgical therapy was significantly affected by the lacks of ventilators and intensive care unit space resulting from the pandemic. Transplantation, especially living donor liver transplantation, was suspended in few centers because of the risk of infection to the living donors. Conclusion As we gradually recover from the pandemic, we should prepare for the fallout from the pandemic as we may encounter increased presentation of those patients deferred from screening during the pandemic.Öğe Surgical therapy of medullary thyroid cancer and our clinical experiences(2019) Akdur, Aydincan; Yabanoglu, Hakan; Arer, Ilker Murat; Hargura, Abdirahman Sakulen; Kocer, Nazim Emrah; Avci, TevfikAim: Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that originates from the thyroid parafollicular C cells and produces calcitonin. It is a quite aggressive disease with a potential to cause serious morbidity and mortality. In this study we aimed to report treatment outcomes of MTC, which has a bad prognosis and is difficult to manage.Material and Methods: The medical records of 1287 patients who were operated on for thyroid cancer between 2009 and 2018 were retrospectively assessed. Twenty-one patients (1.6%) were diagnosed with MTC. Results: Eleven (52.4%) patients were females. The age range of the patients was 54(14-85) years. Sixteen (76.2%) cases were sporadic and 5 (23.8%) were familial. Twelve patients underwent bilateral total thyroidectomy + central and unilateral neck dissection, 5(23.8%) bilateral total thyroidectomy + central and bilateral neck dissection, 4(19%) bilateral total thyroidectomy. Pathology examination revealed lymph node metastasis in 13(61.9%) patients. Three (14%) patients had simultaneous papillary thyroid cancer. Mean duration of follow-up was 52(3-96) months. Five (23.8%) patients suffered recurrence cervical lymph nodes (6 months later), lungs and bone metastasis (at 12th and 18th months), lungs (at 12thmonth), mediastinal lymph nodes (at 15th months), liver metastasis (at 6th months). Seven (33%) patients underwent chemo-radiotherapy. Conclusion: Surgery is the gold standard to control loco-regional disease and the only curative method among the available therapies in MTC treatment. Despite having a low incidence, MTC may still lead to serious mortality and morbidity in delayed cases and/or when loco-regional control cannot be achieved. Keywords: Medullary Thyroid Cancer; Surgery; Recurrence.
