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Öğe Acute Effects of Kickboxing K1 Matches on Hematological Parameters of Kickboxers(Mdpi, 2024) Niewczas, Marta; Ilbak, Ismail; Duz, Serkan; Palka, Tomasz; Ambrozy, Tadeusz; Duda, Henryk; Wasacz, WojciechWhile there is clear evidence in the literature that the hematological parameters in athletes of different sports are affected by exercise and varying loads, to our knowledge, there are limited studies on the real impact of kickboxing matches on kickboxers' hematological parameters. In this context, this cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the acute changes in the hematological parameters of kickboxers following K1 matches. With the participation of 10 kickboxing K1 athletes, the hematological parameters, including the WBC, Plt, Neut, Lymph, Mono, RBC, Hgb, Hct, CK, La, and glucose levels, were examined before and after matches. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare the pre-test and post-test hematological parameters of the participants. The findings indicated statistically significant differences in the post-match WBC, Plt, Neut, Lymph, CK, La, and glucose levels, while no statistically significant differences were observed in the RBC, Hct, Hgb, and CK levels (p < 0.05). These results not only emphasize the complexity of physiological changes in athletes, but also show consistency with various findings in the literature, while contradicting some. Therefore, it is highlighted that further research is needed to understand the effects of K1 matches on hematological parameters.Öğe Acute Effects of Marathon and Ultramarathon Running on Body Composition in Trained Male Athletes(Mdpi, 2025) Duz, Serkan; Ilbak, Ismail; Ogut, Ayse Eda Kinaci; Sagat, Peter; Bartik, PeterBackground and Objectives: This study aimed to compare acute changes in body composition parameters following marathon (42.195 km) and ultramarathon (61 km) runs in trained male athletes, with particular focus on hydration dynamics and metabolic stress. Materials and Methods: Sixteen male amateur endurance runners were assigned to two groups: marathon (n = 8) and ultramarathon (n = 8). Body composition was assessed at three time points pre-race, immediately post-race, and 24 h post-race using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Measurements included body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), total body water (TBW), total body fat (TBF), lean body mass (LBM), right arm fat (RAF), left arm fat (LAF), right leg fat (RLF), left leg fat (LLF), and torso fat (TF). Results: Both groups exhibited significant reductions in BW and BMI post-race (p < 0.05), with more pronounced changes observed in the ultramarathon group. Partial restoration of these metrics occurred within 24 h, primarily due to glycogen resynthesis and fluid retention. TBW remained stable immediately post-race but increased notably during recovery, particularly in ultramarathon runners, suggesting more effective hydration responses. Muscle and fat-free mass changes were minimal but more favorable in the ultramarathon group. Both total and regional fat percentages declined significantly post-race in both groups, with ultramarathon runners showing greater reductions. Conclusions: Endurance running induces short-term but substantial alterations in body composition, with ultramarathon participation eliciting more pronounced metabolic and fluid balance responses. These findings highlight the importance of race-specific nutritional and hydration strategies tailored to event type and duration.Öğe Acute effects of physical and mental fatigue on time perception in basketball players(Frontiers Media Sa, 2026) Ilbak, Ismail; Stojanovic, Stefan; Duz, Serkan; Kurhan, Cihad Onur; Suva, Matej; Cepicka, LadislavIntroduction Basketball is a fast-paced, cognitively demanding sport in which players must make rapid, time-dependent decisions under physical and mental strain. Despite the well-documented effects of fatigue on performance, its influence on athletes' perception of time remains insufficiently explored. This study aimed to examine the acute effects of physical and mental fatigue on time perception in basketball players. Methods This cross-sectional study included 34 healthy, volunteer male basketball players. The experimental procedure consisted of a familiarization session followed by two experimental conditions. Mental fatigue was induced using the color-word Stroop test, whereas physical fatigue was elicited through a standardized plyometric exercise protocol. Time perception was assessed before and after each fatigue condition across four target durations (6, 12, 18, and 24 s). A 72-hour recovery period between sessions was implemented to control for potential carryover effects. Results A significant time & times; fatigue & times; duration interaction was found (p < 0.05), demonstrating that mental and physical fatigue exerted opposite effects on time perception. Mental fatigue resulted in systematic underestimation of time, indicated by negative shifts in time estimation errors across all target durations. In contrast, physical fatigue led to consistent overestimation, reflected by positive shifts in estimation errors. These effects became more pronounced with increasing target duration, with the largest deviations observed at 18 and 24 seconds. Conclusion Time perception in basketball is not a fixed mechanism but a dynamic component of performance influenced by transient cognitive and physiological states. Mental fatigue is associated with a compression of perceived time, whereas physical fatigue leads to an expansion of perceived duration. These findings suggest that second-dependent decision-making in basketball is shaped not only by technical and tactical factors but also by fatigue-related states. Integrating fatigue management strategies and time-awareness training into basketball practice and competition may improve temporal accuracy and decision stability under pressure.Öğe Acute Effects of Self-Myofascial Release Through Foam Roller and Static Stretching Methods on Vertical Jump Performance of Taekwondo Players(Researchtrentz Acad Publ Education Services, 2022) Akarsu, Mehmet; Kurhan, Cihad Onur; Ilbak, Ismail; Altuntop, Recep; Gonc, Mesut; Stojanovic, Stefan; Purenovic-Ivanovic, TijanaThe objective of this research is to examine the acute effects of self-myofascial release through foam roller and static stretching methods on the vertical jump performance of taekwondo players. In this cross-sectional study, a randomized controlled experimental method, one of the quantitative research models, was used. 21 taekwondo players participated in this research voluntarily. The mean age of the participants was 15.95 +/-,865; the mean height was 172.90 +/- 3,846 and the mean body weight was 61,86 +/- 5,379. On the first day of the study, low-paced jogging was performed for 5 minutes at a heart rate of 120 (RS V800) and then their vertical jump performance was measured. On the second day of the research, low-paced jogging was performed for 5 minutes, and then a static stretching protocol was applied to taekwondo players, and then their vertical jump performance was measured. On the third day of the research, low-paced jogging was performed for 5 minutes and then self-myofascial release through foam roller protocol was applied to taekwondo players and then their vertical jump performances were measured. As a result of the research, it was determined that there was no statistical difference between 5 minutes of jogging at a slow pace and static stretching. However, it was determined that there were statistically significant differences both between 5 minutes of jogging at a slow pace and self-myofascial release and between static stretching and self-myofascial release (p<0.05). In conclusion, it can be said that self-myofascial release through foam roller exercises can affect vertical jump performance positively and at an acute level.Öğe Comparison of anthropometric and performance characteristics in elite male football and handball players(Spanish Assoc Sports Performance Analysis-Aearedo, 2026) Karadenizli, Zeynep Inci; Ilbak, Ismail; Bartik, PeterElite-level athletes develop distinct performance profiles shaped by training regimens tailored to the specific physical and physiological demands of their respective sports. The nature of the sport, training methods, and game dynamics directly influence the development of strength, power, speed, and anthropometric characteristics. In team sports, comparative evaluations of these attributes are critical for accurate performance analysis and the design of sport-specific and individualized training pro-grams. This study aimed to compare the anthropometric characteristics, strength, ex-plosive power, and speed parameters of elite male football and handball players. A total of 44 athletes (22 football players and 22 handball players) participated in this cross-sectional comparative study. Anthropometric data included height (cm), body weight (kg), and body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)). Performance assessments comprised leg strength (kg), handgrip strength (kg), vertical jump height (cm), 30-meter sprint time (s), and peak power output (W). Independent samples t-tests revealed statistically significant differences between football and handball players in age (p = .004), height (p = .005), leg strength (p = .007), and handgrip strength (p < .001). No significant differences were found in other performance variables (p > .05). The findings indicate that elite football and handball players exhibit sport-specific anthropometric and performance profiles. Football players showed greater lower-body strength, while hand-ball players had superior upper-body strength and greater stature. These differences underscore the importance of developing training protocols and talent identification strategies that reflect the unique demands of each sport. Coaches are encouraged to utilize sport-relevant performance tests and interpret results contextually to optimize athlete development and specialization.Öğe Craving for exercise due to the disruption of daily routine by an earthquake(Frontiers Media Sa, 2025) Ilbak, Ismail; Yasuntimur, Ahmet; Stojanovic, Stefan; Duz, Serkan; Rydzik, Lukasz; Cepicka, LadislavObjectives The research aimed to examine exercise cravings that arise from the disruption of daily routine resulting from the earthquake and the consequent mandatory absence from exercising at fitness centers.Study design This study utilized the phenomenological design through qualitative research methods.Methods The research sample comprises six individuals aged between 22 and 29 years. They were selected using the criterion sampling method. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.Results Two different types of cravings were identified. The first type is related to exercise addiction, while the second type is related to anxiety-induced cravings.Conclusions Exercise craving manifests in two ways. The first type originates from exercise addiction, emerging when an individual with exercise addiction experiences a lack of exercise. With a more clinical dimension, the second type arises from the inability to engage in training for uncontrollable reasons.Öğe Effectiveness of Balance- and Strength-Based Exercise Interventions for Fall Prevention in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials(Mdpi, 2025) Choudhary, Prashant Kumar; Choudhary, Suchishrava; Saha, Sohom; Katanic, Borko; Ilbak, Ismail; Tornoczky, Gusztav JozsefBackground: Falls are a leading cause of injury, disability, and loss of independence among community-dwelling older adults. Although exercise-based interventions are widely recommended for fall prevention, the comparative effectiveness of different exercise modalities remains insufficiently synthesized. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Randomized and controlled trials were identified through searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL, including studies involving adults aged >= 60 years who participated in balance-based, strength-based, multimodal, Tai Ji Quan, Otago Exercise Program, or perturbation-based reactive balance training interventions. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (ROB-2) tool. Due to substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity across interventions and outcome measures, a narrative synthesis was undertaken. Results: Twenty-seven trials met the inclusion criteria. Exercise interventions consistently reduced fall incidence across studies. Tai Ji Quan interventions were associated with approximately 31-58% reductions in falls, the Otago Exercise Program with 23-40% reductions, and multimodal strength-balance training with 20-45% reductions. Perturbation-based reactive balance training demonstrated particularly strong effects on laboratory-induced falls, with reductions ranging from 50-75%. Functional outcomes also improved across intervention types, including faster Timed Up and Go performance, increased gait speed, improvements of approximately 1.2-2.5 points in Short Physical Performance Battery scores, 15-35% gains in lower-limb strength, and enhanced reactive balance responses. Longer-duration interventions (12-24 months) generally demonstrated sustained reductions in fall risk. Conclusions: Evidence from randomized and controlled trials indicates that structured exercise interventions, particularly Tai Ji Quan, the Otago Exercise Program, multimodal strength-balance training, and perturbation-based reactive balance training, are effective in reducing falls and improving balance, mobility, and strength in community-dwelling older adults. These findings support the use of targeted, evidence-based exercise programs as central components of fall-prevention strategies in older populations.Öğe The Effects of Different Stretching Techniques Used in Warm-Up on the Triggering of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement in Soccer Players(Mdpi, 2024) Kurak, Kemal; Ilbak, Ismail; Stojanovic, Stefan; Bayer, Ramazan; Purenovic-Ivanovic, Tijana; Palka, Tomasz; Ambrozy, TadeuszThe aim of this research was to investigate the effects of different stretching techniques used during warm-up exercises prior to post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) on the explosive lower extremity strength performance of soccer players. This cross-sectional study involved the participation of 13 male soccer players with an average age of 22.38 +/- 1.75, body height of 174.38 +/- 3.94, and body mass of 72.30 +/- 4.13. To determine the participants' maximal strength performance, one repeated maximal strength (1-RM) squat exercise was applied. The PAPE protocol was then implemented with a squat exercise consisting of three repetitions at 80% of 1-RM. The warm-up protocols consisted of 5 min of cycling, followed by dynamic stretching, static stretching, or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching exercises. These protocols were applied on four different days with a 72 h interval. A vertical jump test was conducted to measure the participants' explosive strength performance. The research data were analyzed using IBM Statistics (SPSS version 26.0, Armonk, NY, USA) software. The findings of this study revealed statistically significant differences in vertical jump performance values after PAPE among participants based on the different stretching techniques used during warm-up (p = 0.00). In this context, the research concluded that dynamic stretching is the optimal stretching technique during warm-up exercises before PAPE to maximize its effects. On the other hand, static stretching was found to negatively affect performance by absorbing the PAPE effect.Öğe Effects of resistance training on fitness parameters in older adults: a systematic review(H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, 2025) Ilic, Tamara; Mijalkovic, Stefan; Stojanovic, Stefan; Ilbak, Ismail; Pavlovic, Ratko; Radulovic, Nikola; Vrcic, MensurBackground and purpose Physical activity has been shown to produce numerous beneficial effects, including improved cardiovascular function, reduced body fat percentage, increased muscular strength, enhanced endurance, and greater flexibility. Accordingly, physical activity is considered a crucial factor in enhancing the quality of life in older adults. The aim of this study was to analyze literature that investigates the effects of resistance training on fitness parameters in older adults. Material and methods A systematic search was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Research Gate, focusing on studies published between 2015 and December 31, 2024. Keywords used included: elderly, physical fitness, strength training, health outcomes. The inclusion criteria comprised original scientific studies, tested at least one measure of fitness parameters and involving older adult participants and experimental interventions with resistance training. A total of 17 studies met the criteria and were analyzed in detail. Results The findings indicate that resistance training regardless of intensity level (low, moderate, or high) has a consistently positive effect on muscle strength, endurance, flexibility, cardiovascular function, body composition, balance, and overall functional mobility in older individuals. Training modalities included the use of weights, bodyweight exercises, resistance bands, and unstable surfaces. The frequency of interventions ranged from 8 weeks to 2.3 years, with training frequency mostly between two and three sessions per week. Studies combining resistance training with balance training or aerobic exercises demonstrated additional benefits. Conclusions The reviewed evidence suggests that resistance training is an effective and safe strategy for improving the physical fitness and health of older adults, potentially reducing the risk of falls and chronic diseases. It is recommended that resistance training be incorporated into regular physical activity routines, ideally alongside aerobic and flexibility exercises, to maximize overall health outcomes in the aging population. © Ilic T, Mijalkovic S, Stefan Stojanovic S, Ilbak I, Pavlovic R, Nikola Radulovic N, Vrcic M, Nikolic S., 2025.Öğe Effects of Swimming on the Body Composition of Individuals with Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review(Anadolu Univ, 2022) Sekban, Gulsah; Stojanovic, Stefan; Ilkim, Mehmet; Ilbak, Ismail; Jorgic, BojanIn the literature, it has been determined that various training models are applied to optimize the body health and body composition of individuals with Down Syndrome (DS). Although it has been reported in review studies that many training models are effective in improving the body health and body composition of individuals with DS, there is no consensus among researchers about how swimming exercises affect the body health and body composition of individuals with DS. In this context, the aim of the research is to reach a conclusion by utilizing the studies examining the effects of swimming on the body compositions of individuals with DS. This research was designed using the systematic review method and findings were obtained through this method. A total of 8689 articles were found in the search made on Web of Science and Google Scholar databases, and as a result of the evaluation made within the scope of the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research, 8 articles were included in the research. As a result of the research findings, it has been concluded that there is no consensus among researchers about the effects of swimming on the body composition of individuals with DS, and also that very few studies have been conducted on this subject. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct more research on this subject.Öğe Examination of Anthropometric Profiles of Individuals Who Exercise in the Gym(Lahore Medical & Dental Coll, 2022) Kilincarslan, Gokmen; Ilbak, Ismail; Sadir, YunusBackground: Anthropometric measurements frequently used in sports sciences and public health is to be informed about the body composition of individuals are simple, cheap, easy and reliable methods. Some of these measurements are body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist hip ratio (WHR) measurements. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the BMI and WHR values of the individuals who exercise at least two a weak in the gym in terms of age and gender by benefiting from anthropometric measurement methods. Methods: The study involved 528 volunteer individuals, including 72 men (13.6%) and 456 women (86.4%) between the ages of 18 and 65 who exercised in the gym at least two days a week in Malatya, Turkey. The mean age of the participants was 28.56 +/- 9.96, the height average was 1.65 +/-.08 and the body weight average was 72.60 +/- 14.35. The heights of all participants were taken with a wall-mounted stadiometer (Holtain Ltd., England), their body weights were taken with an electronic scale (Seca, Germany), and their diameter-circumference measurements (hip, waist) were taken with a gullick meter. Results: According to the age variable of the research group, it was determined that there was a low, positive and linear relationship between BMI (r=,361; p<0.05) and WHR (r=,272; p<0.05), and this relationship was statistically significant. In addition, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between BMI and WHR averages depending on the gender variable (p<0.05). Conclusion: As a result, there is an increase in BMI and WHR with the progress of the age. Similarly, as a result of the increase of BMI, WHR is also increased. While the mean BMI is higher in women than in men, WHR is higher in men than in women.Öğe Examination of the Effects of Autogenic Training on the Reaction Time Performance of the National Badminton Athletes(Lahore Medical Research Center Llp, 2021) Ugurlu, Dondu; Ilbak, Ismail; Akarsu, MehmetBackground: Although there is a consensus among researchers that autogenic training has positive effects on the psychological state of athletes, there have not been enough studies on its effects on physical performance yet. Therefore, the effects of autogenic training on physical performance is an important question that remains to be clarified. The fact that there is no research examining the effects of autogenic training on reaction time performance constitutes the original value of the study. Aim: The aim of the study is to examine the effects of autogenic training applied during 8 weeks on the visual and auditory reaction time performances of national badminton athletes. Methods: 15 male (experimental group=8 and control group=7) national badminton player between the ages of 18-23 residing in the province of Malatya participated in the study voluntarily. In addition to the training program, autogenic training was applied to the experimental group for 8 weeks, 3 days a week, after warming up. The control group continued their regular training. In order to determine the effects of the training, the pre-test and post-test was applied to the participants. SPSS 23 Package Program was used for the analysis of the data. The data were evaluated with the Mann-Whitney U test, one of the Non-Parametric tests. The significance level was taken as p<.05. Results: The mean age of the experimental group (N=8) was 19.88 +/- 1.81, the mean height was 173.75 +/- 4.10, and the mean body weight was 68.13 +/- 5.52. The mean age of the control group (N=7) was 19.72 +/- 1.80, the mean height was 175.72 +/- 7.87, and the mean body weight was 67.58 +/- 6.61.It was observed that there was no statistically significant difference between the right and left hand visual reaction times and the right and left hand auditory reaction times of the experimental and control groups (p>.05). Conclusion: As a result, autogenic training does not have a statistically significant effect on the visual and auditory reaction time of national badminton athletes.Öğe Examining the effects of post-activation performance enhancement on boxers' visual reaction time(Stowarzyszenie Idokan Polska-Idokan Poland Assoc, 2024) Ilbak, Ismail; Stojanovic, Stefan; Rydzik, Lukasz; Ambrozy, Tadeusz; Wasacz, Wojciech; Kasicki, Krzysztof; Ilbak, Yunus emreBackground. There is strong evidence suggesting that Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) can acutely enhance various aspects of sports performance, such as strength, endurance, speed, and agility. However, there is a gap in research regarding the effects of PAPE on reaction time performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PAPE on the visual reaction time performances of amateur boxers. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 17 amateur boxers. Anthropometric measurements were taken, and participants performed a 1-RM Bench Press performance test preceded by 5 minutes of low-intensity running. The PAPE pro- tocol was then administered 72 hours later after another 5 minutes of low-intensity running to avoid fatigue. Visual reaction time was measured immediately before the PAPE protocol and six times at 3-minute intervals afterward. Data were analyzed using IBM Statistics (SPSS, ver. 26.0, Armonk, NY, USA) software. Results. The study found that although there was a difference in the mean visual reaction time performance of participants before and after the PAPE protocol, this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that PAPE does not have an enhancing effect on the visual reaction time performance of boxers. Conclusions. In conclusion, this study suggests that PAPE does not significantly affect visual reaction time performance in amateur boxers. Further research may be warranted to explore other factors that may influence reaction time in this population.Öğe Hip and shoulder flexibility in novice rhythmic gymnasts and age-matched controls: Inter-limb asymmetry(Romanian Assoc Balneology, 2024) Purenovic-Ivanovic, Tijana; Sterkowicz-Przybycien, Katarzyna; Dosic, Andela; Stojanovic, Stefan; Ilbak, IsmailRhythmic gymnastics is a sport of asymmetry and lateral preferences, so the main objective of this study was to examine and compare hip and shoulder range of motion (ROM) and inter-limb asymmetry in 44 rhythmic gymnasts (RGs) and 51 age-matched non-athletes (NAs), i.e. controls. The baseline characteristics of 95 female participants, divided into two age- group categories (U8: 6-8 years, N=36; U11: 8-11 years, N=59) were established, as well as their hip (right/left hip flexion, right/left hip extension, right/left hip abduction, in degrees) and shoulder ROM (right/left shoulder flexion, right/left shoulder extension, in degrees), and asymmetry index (ASI, in %) was calculated. Significant differences between RGs and NAs were established (the exception is hip and shoulder extension in U8s, p>0.05), with greater ROM values recorded in RGs. Significant age differences were recorded among RGs in hip flexion and left hip abduction (p<0.05), in favor of U11s, and within NAs only in the case of right hip flexion (p=0.017), but in favor of U8s. The presence of asymmetries (ASI>15%), as well as its absence, is established in both RGs and NAs, but statistically significant side-to-side differences were recorded in U8 NAs (shoulder flexion, p=0.044) and U11 NAs (shoulder extension, p=0.057).Öğe Investigation of maximal strength performance in terms of training time routine(Iermakov S S, 2024) Ilbak, Ismail; Eken, Ozgur; Stojanovic, Stefan; Joksimovic, Marko; Pavlovic, Ratko; Radulovic, NikolaBackground and Study Aim In recent years, there has been a growing interest in understanding the relationship between daily training time, circadian rhythms, and athletic performance. The connection between daily training time, circadian rhythms, and athletic performance continues to be a subject of research debate. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate whether maximal strength performance is affected by daily training time routines. Material and Methods This cross-sectional study involved a total of 36 male bodybuilding athletes, who were divided into three equal groups (n=12); Noon Group, Afternoon Group, and Evening Group. The distinguishing feature amongst the groups was that they had been training at different times of the day for the past 6 months, and within each group, athletes had been training at the same time of day (Noon Group 12:00-14:00; Afternoon Group 17:00-19:00; Evening Group 21:00-23:00). A one -repetition maximum squat test was administered to each group with there being a 72 -hour interval between the tests. Results The findings from the research indicate that there is a relationship between athletes' daily training time routines and maximal strength performance. Athletes perform at their best during the time that corresponds to their daily training routine. The analysis reveals a statistically significant advantage in 1-RM squat performance for athletes adhering to their daily training time routines at various times of the day (p <0.001). Notably, Group Noon, Group Afternoon, and Group Evening achieved their highest 1-RM squat performance when following their respective daily training time routines. Conclusions Results underscore the importance of aligning training schedules with athletes' natural rhythms, enhancing performance optimization strategies. It is believed that effective planning for training time by coaches and conditioning experts, taking into account competition times, would be a valuable strategy.Öğe INVESTIGATION OF SLEEP QUALITY AND MENTAL TOUGHNESS LEVELS OF YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS IN TERMS OF CHRONOTYPES(Univ Physical Education Krakow, 2024) Ilbak, Ismail; Acak, MahmutBacground: The purpose of this research was to determine whether there is a relation between chronotype type and factors known to have a great impact on sports performance such as sleep quality and mental toughness. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using the questionnaire technique. The population of this research consisted of 8.952 soccer players while the sample size consisted of 370 soccer players, with a confidence level of 95%. In this study, the Turkish form of Morningness-Eveningness Stability Scale, Mental Toughness Scale, and Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire-Turkish Version scales were used as data collection tools. Results: There was a positive and statistically significant relation between Morning-Type (M-Type) and Mental Toughness (p<.005). In terms of sleep behavior, a statistically significant relation was found between Evening-Type (E-Type) and sleep behavior (sport-related factors), between M-Type and Neither-Type (N-Type) and sleep behavior (sleep quality), between M-Type and sleep behavior (habitual sleep efficiency) (p<.005). Conclusions: Based on the data of this research, it was found that soccer players with M-Type had higher mental toughness than soccer players with E-Type and N-Type. Furthermore, it was concluded that soccer players had low sleep quality in terms of sleep habits. It was found that E-Type soccer players were affected by sport-related factors, M-Type soccer players were affected by habitual sleep efficiency factors, and M-Type and N-Type soccer players were affected by inefficient sleep factors.Öğe Investigation of the Acute Effects of Self-Myofascial Release Technique on Jump Performance Applied to Plantar Myofascial through Tennis Ball(Anadolu Univ, 2022) Ceviker, Abdulkerim; Eroglu, Seref; Ilbak, Ismail; Stojanovic, StefanThe aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of self-myofascial release technique applied to the plantar myofascial through tennis ball on jumping performance of taekwondo athletes. Randomized controlled experimental method was used in this cross-sectional study. 46 competitive taekwondo athletes with >= 3 years' experience participated in research voluntarily. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: control (mean age: 21.21 +/- 2.27; height 173.08 +/- 4.89; body weight 63.17 +/- 7.06) and experimental (mean age: 21.00 +/- 2.55; height 170.56 +/- 5.06; body weight 57.60 +/- 8.46). As a pre-test, the vertical jump performance values of both groups were taken after 5 minutes of running and 4-5 minutes of rest. After 48 hours, the vertical jump performance values of the control group were taken again after 5 minutes of running only. The vertical jump performance values of the experimental group were obtained after the self-myofascial release technique, which consists of three sets applied for 20 seconds each, following a 5-minute slow pace run. SPSS (SPSS version 26.0, Armonk, NY) was used to analyze the research data. As a result of the findings obtained in the study, it was observed that there were no statistically significant differences between the vertical jump performance pretest-posttest values of the control and experimental groups (p<.05). As a result, it was concluded that the self-myofascial release technique applied to the plantar myofascial by means of a tennis ball did not have an acute effect on the jumping performance of taekwondo athletes.Öğe Physical performance predictors in youth breaststroke swimming: motor and biomotor diagnostic differences(Bmc, 2025) Karadenizli, Zeynep Inci; Ilbak, Ismail; Jorgic, Bojan M.; Bartik, Peter; Sagat, PeterSwimming performance in youth athletes is influenced by a complex interplay of physical, motor, and physiological factors. Among competitive swimming strokes, breaststroke is technically demanding and requires precise coordination, balance, and strength. Understanding which specific motor and biomotor components most strongly predict performance in young swimmers can help coaches and sports scientists design more targeted training and talent identification programs. This study aimed to investigate whether statistically significant differ-ences exist in motor and biomotor characteristics between child swimmers with high and low performance levels in breaststroke swimming. A comparative cross-sectional study design was employed. The sample consisted of 58 child swimmers (age: 11.55 +/- 1.35) who regularly participated in swimming training. Based on their 50-meter breaststroke times, participants were divided into high- and low-performance groups. Motor and biomotor performance levels were assessed using variables such as reaction time, balance, flexibility, agility, hand grip strength, vertical jump height, and 30-meter sprint time. Arm span was also measured as an anthropo-metric parameter, and intergroup comparisons were conducted accordingly. The findings revealed that higher-performing swimmers exhibited statistically signifi-cant differences in certain motor and biomotor traits compared to their low-er-performing peers. Specifically, agility, vertical jump height, balance, and arm span emerged as potential performance determinants closely aligned with the technical re-quirements of breaststroke swimming. These results suggest that specific motor and biomotor parameters particularly agility, vertical jump, balance, and arm span are key discriminators of breaststroke performance. Therefore, training pro-grams should be designed to enhance neuromuscular coordination, reactive strength, and postural control. Additionally, anthropometric factors such as arm span should be considered in talent identification processes. Targeted development of these attributes may contribute to performance optimization in young swimmers.Öğe The effect of time of day on visual reaction time performance in boxers: evaluation in terms of chronotype(Frontiers Media Sa, 2025) Kurak, Kemal; Ilbak, Ismail; Stojanovic, Stefan; Bayer, Ramazan; Ilbak, Yunus Emre; Kasicki, Krzysztof; Ambrozy, TadeuszIntroduction Considering the impact of individual differences on athletes' performance, chronotype emerges as a crucial variable in training program design. Chronotype influences an individual's ability to achieve peak physical and cognitive performance at different times of the day based on their biological rhythms. While numerous studies have explored the relationship between chronotype and physical performance, its effect on reaction time performance remains insufficiently investigated. In sports, where reaction time is a key determinant-such as in boxing-understanding this relationship could contribute to the personalization of training programs. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine how the visual reaction performance of active boxers varies at different times of the day based on their chronotypes. Methods Twenty-four active boxers participated in the study. Their chronotypes were determined using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, categorizing them as either morning type (M-type) or evening type (E-type). The participants were divided into two groups: M-type (n = 12) and E-type (n = 12). Each participant completed a visual reaction time (VRT) performance test at three different times of the day: morning (09:00 h), afternoon (13:00 h), and evening (17:00 h). Results The findings revealed a statistically significant group x time interaction effect on VRT performance (p < 0.01). M-type athletes showed a significant decline in VRT performance during the evening compared to the morning and afternoon. In contrast, E-type athletes demonstrated significantly better performance in the evening compared to the morning. Conclusions Boxers' visual reaction time performance varies throughout the day depending on their chronotype. These results suggest that coaches and exercise specialists should consider athletes' chronotypes when designing training programs focused on reaction time enhancement. To optimize performance, it is recommended that M-type athletes conduct such training sessions in the morning, while E-type athletes should train in the evening, when their reaction time performance tends to peak.Öğe The effects of physical activity on self-esteem in older adults: a systematic review(Frontiers Media Sa, 2025) Mijalkovic, Stefan; Stojanovic, Stefan; Lilic, Ana; Ilic, Tamara; Ilbak, Ismail; Kasicki, Krzysztof; Niewczas-Czarny, PatrykBackground: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of physical activity on self-esteem levels in older adults. Methods: This review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched using the following terms (in English): (physical activity OR physical exercise OR training) AND (self-esteem OR self-confidence OR self-respect) AND (male OR female) AND older adults. Results: Out of 3,732 identified publications, after removing duplicates and initial screening, 17 studies were ultimately included in the analysis (total of 1,820 participants). All included studies showed a statistically significant positive relationship between regular physical activity and higher self-esteem in older adults. Particularly beneficial effects were observed for aerobic training (e.g., walking, jogging, cycling), yoga sessions, and exercises targeting strength, endurance, and coordination development. Conclusion: Regular participation in activities such as walking, yoga, and moderate-intensity exercises positively influences self-esteem in older adults, making physical activity an important factor for psychological well-being in later life. Systematic review registration: The systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database and is available under the ID number: CRD420251011376, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251011376.
