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    An example of a misnomer in medicine: Choice of the term basal ganglia for the basal nuclei
    (2020) Sahin, Zafer; Kalkan, Omer Faruk; Kutlu, Selim
    In modern literature, a group of neurons in the peripheral nervous system is called a ‘ganglion’, while this in the central nervous system is called a ‘nucleus’. For the plurality of these structures, ganglia and nuclei are used, respectively. Such terminological distinction was probably not in the mind of early scientists, and the name of the basal ganglion became a misnomer frequently used by modern scientists to name subcortical nuclei involved in the control of movement. All this is far from explaining why this misnomer continues. It is not known whether it will change in the future, but it is certain that this will not happen in the near future. Knowing that it is used with a misnomer and the fact that these structures are actually basal nuclei appears in the minds of scientists and students is an important victory.
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    Pomegranate Juice Treatment Prevents Carbon Tetrachloride(CCl4)-induced Testicular Damage in Rats: A Biochemical and Histological Study
    (Univ Ljubljana Press, 2025) Kalkan, Omer Faruk; Turk, Ahmet; Citil, Cihan; Uckun, Mirac; Ozkaya, Ahmet; Yologlu, Ertan; Ozay, Yusuf
    We investigated the side effects of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) on testicular tissue and explored the protective effects of pomegranate juice (PJ) against CCl4 exposure. Twenty-eight male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: Control, PJ, CCl4, and CCl4+PJ. We assessed serum testosterone levels and evaluated carboxylesterase (CaE), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione Stransferase (GST) parameters. Histopathological changes were examined using CD68 immunoreactivity to detect macrophage activity. Analysis revealed a significant increase in CaE activity in the PJ group that compared to the control group (p < 0.05). CCl4 exposure reduced CaE activity, which was partially restored by PJ in the CCl4+PJ group (p < 0.05). PJ also significantly reduced the elevated MDA levels induced by CCl4 (p < 0.05). CCl4 alone decreased the reduced glutathione (GSH) levels (p < 0.05), however PJ had no effect on GSH levels (p > 0.05). Neither CCl4 nor PJ had an effect on glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity (p > 0.05). In conclusion, PJ reversed histological damage and restored reduced testosterone levels. Furthermore, it alleviated CCl4-induced oxidative stress by utilizing an alternative antioxidant system rather than glutathione.