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    The effects of levobupivacaine versus levobupivacaine plus magnesium ınfiltration on postoperative analgesia in pediatric tonsillectomy patients
    (International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 2008) Karaaslan, Kazim; Yılmaz, Fahrettin; Gülcü, Nebahat; Sarpkaya, Ali; Çolak, Cemil; Koçoğlu, Hasan
    Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of magnesium to levobupivacaine will decrease the postoperative analgesic requirement or not, and to investigate the possible preventive effects on laryngospasm. Methods: Seventy-five children undergoing elective tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy surgery. The drug was prepared as only NaCl 0.9% for the first group (Group S, n = 25), levobupivacaine 0.25% for the second group (Group L, n = 25), and levobupivacaine 0.25% plus magnesium sulphate 2 mg/kg for the third group (Group M, n = 25). Pain was recorded at 15th minute, 1st, 4th, 8th, 16th, and 24th hour postoperatively. Pain was evaluated using a modified Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario pain scale (mCHEOPS). Incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) was assessed at various time intervals (0—2, 2—6, 6—24 h) by numeric rank score. Patients were followed for laryngospasm for 1 h in recovery room after extubation. Other complications appeared within 24 h postoperatively were recorded. Results: All postoperative CHEOPS values were lower than control in both groups. Analgesic requirement was decreased significantly in both groups in comparison with control patients, but this requirement was significantly lower in Group M ( p < 0.05). Although laryngospasm was not observed in Group M, the difference between groups was not statistically significant. PONV was similar in both groups.
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    Two different doses of caudal neostigmine co administered with levo bupivacaine produces analgesia in children
    (Pediatric Anesthesia, 2009) Karaaslan, Kazim; Nebahat, Gülcü; Öztürk, Hayrettin; Sarpkaya, Ali; Çolak, Cemil; Koçoğlu, Hasan
    SUMMARY BACKGROUND: This study was aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy duration of analgesia, and side effects of two different doses of caudal neostigmine used with levobupivacaine in children. METHODS: Sixty boys, between 5 months and 5 years, undergoing genitourinary surgery were allocated randomly to one of three groups (n =20 each). Group I patients received caudal 0.25% levobupivacaine (1 ml.kg(-1)) alone. Groups II and III patients received neostigmine (2 and 4 microg.kg(-1) respectively) together with levobupivacaine used in the same does as Group I. Pain scores were assessed using Children's and Infant's Postoperative Pain Scale (CHIPPS) at 15th (t(1)) min after arrival to postanesthetic care unit, and 1st (t(2)), 2nd (t(3)), 3rd (t(4)), 4th (t(5)), 8th (t(6)), 16th (t(7)), and 24th (t(8)) hour postoperatively. Duration of analgesia, amount of additional analgesic (paracetamol), score of motor blockade and complications were recorded for 24 h postoperatively, and compared between groups. RESULTS: CHIPPS scores were higher during t(2), t(3), t(6), t(7), and t(8) periods, duration of analgesia was shorter, and total analgesic consumption was higher in Group I compare to neostigmine groups (P < 0.05). Duration of postoperative analgesia and total analgesic consumption were similar in Groups II and III (P > 0.05). Adverse effects were not different between three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Caudal neostigmine in doses of 2 and 4 microg.kg(-1) with levobupivacaine extends the duration of analgesia without increasing the incidence of adverse effects, and 2 microg.kg(-1) seems to be the optimal dose, as higher dose has no further advantages.