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Öğe Enhancing Geosıte Accessibility Assessment: A New Mcdm Model(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Bilgic, Sevgi; Karadeniz, Enes; Er, SelmanGeosites are significant geological heritage areas that serve as field laboratories for researchers. They offer insights into geological processes that have occurred from the past to the present and hold high potential for geotourism. To preserve and make geosites sustainable, their accessibility is a prerequisite. For this purpose, a model consisting of various parameters was developed in accordance with the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method, identifying 183 geosite areas that have been determined by experts and are subjects of literature. As a result, four evaluation criteria were established, including accessibility, access to service/attractiveness areas, scientific importance, and geomorphological features. Taking these parameters into account, a collective evaluation map was obtained using GIS-based AHP, drawing upon literature and expert opinions. The study concluded that the most critical parameter for accessibility to geosites is accessibility itself, accounting for 50% of the importance. Other parameters have influenced the accessibility of geosites in the following order of importance: 25% land, 15% scientific importance, and 10% service/attractiveness. Consequently, the areas where accessibility to geosites in T & uuml;rkiye is most convenient are those with the highest road density. Road density, in turn, exhibits a pattern based on the characteristics of topography, population, and trade factors. Additionally, a parallel outcome emerged between areas that are more suitable in terms of these factors and the density of geosites. As a validation of the newly created model, the accessibility of T & uuml;rkiye's areas recognized by UNESCO was found to be very high, indicating that the model is a suitable and convenient method that can be applied to different areas.Öğe Evaluation of Potential Geotourism of Levent Valley and Its Surroundings Using GIS Route Analysis(Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Karadeniz, Enes; Er, Selman; Boyraz, Zeki; Coskun, SelahiThe Eastern Anatolia Region which has unique historical, geological and geomorphological features, is home to one of Turkey's culturally important regions. The Levent Valley and its surrounding geosites, as well as the biodiversity and cultural heritage in the Malatya Province have been investigated by systematic research including field survey, archival research, and GIS route analysis. According to geological features of the study area, the oldest unit in and around Levent Valley is the Permian-aged Khorasancal Formation. Furthermore, Mesozoic-aged Hocalikova ophiolite, Medik formation, Tohma formation, and Sarikiz formation are common in the region. Senozoic-aged Gedik formation, Dumanlar formation, Akyar formation, Karaca formation, Yamadag volcanics, and Sultansuyu formation are horizontally located on all these units. There are more than a hundred caves in the Levent valley that were formed in the Gedik, Dumanlar, Akyar, Karaca, Sultansuyu formations and Yamadag volcanics. According to the tourism facilities, the viewing terrace functions as a mini museum for visitors which includes the local cultural items and fossil diversity unearthed in the area. The area also gives an opportunity for adrenaline junkies offering activities such as zipline and bangy jumping. The Monumental Trees with a circumference of 3-6 m found during the field survey and the tulips unique to the region can also be seen in different locations of the valley. Due to the complexity and difficulty of the transport network in the Valley for geotourists, suitable routes were generated using GIS. The proposed GIS route analysis reveals a great geotourism potential in the region regarding geoheritage asset identification in a digital form considering economic benefits and time saving. By this way, almost all of the assets in the field can be discovered and visited by using this route map generated during the analysis. In conclusion, the fundamental investments and rehabilitations that should be conducted in the Valley and its surrounding were also discussed throughout the study.Öğe Land use and land cover change in Duzce region following the major earthquake: implications for ANN and Markov Chain Analysis(Springer, 2023) Karadeniz, Enes; Sunbul, FatihEarthquakes are natural events that affect the spatial and temporal dynamics of land use/land cover. Here, we have focused on the city of Duzce, NW of Turkey, which has experienced the M > 7 doublet earthquakes in 1999. In order to conduct land cover change analysis and future projection, we have utilized integrated the multilayer perceptron neural network-based Markov chain model combined with geographical information systems. Our results show that most of the land use in 1990 was 77,601 hectares (65.89% of the region) consist of forest and shrubs. By 2020, agricultural land was the most expanding land class in the region with 48.80%. The 1999 earthquake caused the city to grow horizontally in the long run, and this expansion has ended the occupation in grade-one-agricultural lands that prevailed in the region. This horizontal development also caused the residential areas that covered 2.76% of the study area in 1999 expand to the ratio of 20.37% in 2050. It has been determined that the most effective driver in these changes in the land cover is the distance from urban with a Cramer's value of 0.4299. For this reason, the area that is most exposed to land cover change is the forest and shrub areas occupied by the city, which has spread to the northeast due to the earthquake. It is concluded that the earthquakes can change the land cover of the city significantly in various aspects in the long term, contrary to the approved zoning plans.Öğe Van İli Çevresi Kabuk Deformasyon Analizi ve Deprem Tehlike Değerlendirmesi(2021) Sünbül, Fatih; Aslan, Hüseyin Mert; Karadeniz, EnesÖz: Van ili ve çevresi, bölgesinde var olan güçlü tektonik hareketler ve deformasyonların etkisi altındadır. Bu deformasyonların esas kaynağını Arabistan levhasının Anadolu levhasına göre göreceli kuzey ve kuzey batı yönlü hareketi oluşturur. Bu bağıl hareket sonucunda Bitlis Zagros Kenet Kuşağı, Doğu Anadolu ve Kuzey Anadolu Fay sistemleri bölgenin depremselliğinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bölgede var olan gerilme analizlerinin belirlenmesi, Van ili ve çevresinde oluşacak deprem tehlikesini daha net ortaya çıkaracaktır. Bu bağlamda bölgede var olan GPS verileri ve Global CMT kataloğundan elde edilen depremsellik verileri kullanılarak çalışma alanında deformasyon oranı tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre çalışma alanında 40 n gerinim/yıl deformasyon alanı elde edilmiş, bölgesel gerilim içerisindeki bu küçük KB-GD sıkışma bileşeninin, 2011 Van depreminde olduğu gibi deprem mekanizmasında beklenenden daha büyük bir rol oynayabileceği saptanmıştır. Bölgede hâkim olan dilatasyon mekanizması incelendiğinde ise; Van ili ve çevresinde 25 n gerinim/yıl olan kesme bileşeni Karlıova bölgesine yaklaşıldıkça 170 n gerinim/yıl mertebesine erişmektedir. 2003 yılında bu bölgede meydana gelen Mw 6.4 Bingöl depreminin sağ yanal bir yapıda olması, Kuzey Anadolu Fay mekanizmasının Van ili civarına kadar uzanabileceğini işaret etmektedir. Bu alanda meydana gelebilecek büyük ölçekte deprem, Van Ovası’nda yerel zemin koşullarına bağlı olarak, yerleşim yerlerinde potansiyel tehlike oluşturabileceği ön görülmektedir.
