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    Examining the effects of post-activation performance enhancement on boxers' visual reaction time
    (Stowarzyszenie Idokan Polska-Idokan Poland Assoc, 2024) Ilbak, Ismail; Stojanovic, Stefan; Rydzik, Lukasz; Ambrozy, Tadeusz; Wasacz, Wojciech; Kasicki, Krzysztof; Ilbak, Yunus emre
    Background. There is strong evidence suggesting that Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) can acutely enhance various aspects of sports performance, such as strength, endurance, speed, and agility. However, there is a gap in research regarding the effects of PAPE on reaction time performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PAPE on the visual reaction time performances of amateur boxers. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 17 amateur boxers. Anthropometric measurements were taken, and participants performed a 1-RM Bench Press performance test preceded by 5 minutes of low-intensity running. The PAPE pro- tocol was then administered 72 hours later after another 5 minutes of low-intensity running to avoid fatigue. Visual reaction time was measured immediately before the PAPE protocol and six times at 3-minute intervals afterward. Data were analyzed using IBM Statistics (SPSS, ver. 26.0, Armonk, NY, USA) software. Results. The study found that although there was a difference in the mean visual reaction time performance of participants before and after the PAPE protocol, this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that PAPE does not have an enhancing effect on the visual reaction time performance of boxers. Conclusions. In conclusion, this study suggests that PAPE does not significantly affect visual reaction time performance in amateur boxers. Further research may be warranted to explore other factors that may influence reaction time in this population.
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    The effect of time of day on visual reaction time performance in boxers: evaluation in terms of chronotype
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2025) Kurak, Kemal; Ilbak, Ismail; Stojanovic, Stefan; Bayer, Ramazan; Ilbak, Yunus Emre; Kasicki, Krzysztof; Ambrozy, Tadeusz
    Introduction Considering the impact of individual differences on athletes' performance, chronotype emerges as a crucial variable in training program design. Chronotype influences an individual's ability to achieve peak physical and cognitive performance at different times of the day based on their biological rhythms. While numerous studies have explored the relationship between chronotype and physical performance, its effect on reaction time performance remains insufficiently investigated. In sports, where reaction time is a key determinant-such as in boxing-understanding this relationship could contribute to the personalization of training programs. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine how the visual reaction performance of active boxers varies at different times of the day based on their chronotypes. Methods Twenty-four active boxers participated in the study. Their chronotypes were determined using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, categorizing them as either morning type (M-type) or evening type (E-type). The participants were divided into two groups: M-type (n = 12) and E-type (n = 12). Each participant completed a visual reaction time (VRT) performance test at three different times of the day: morning (09:00 h), afternoon (13:00 h), and evening (17:00 h). Results The findings revealed a statistically significant group x time interaction effect on VRT performance (p < 0.01). M-type athletes showed a significant decline in VRT performance during the evening compared to the morning and afternoon. In contrast, E-type athletes demonstrated significantly better performance in the evening compared to the morning. Conclusions Boxers' visual reaction time performance varies throughout the day depending on their chronotype. These results suggest that coaches and exercise specialists should consider athletes' chronotypes when designing training programs focused on reaction time enhancement. To optimize performance, it is recommended that M-type athletes conduct such training sessions in the morning, while E-type athletes should train in the evening, when their reaction time performance tends to peak.
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    The effects of physical activity on self-esteem in older adults: a systematic review
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2025) Mijalkovic, Stefan; Stojanovic, Stefan; Lilic, Ana; Ilic, Tamara; Ilbak, Ismail; Kasicki, Krzysztof; Niewczas-Czarny, Patryk
    Background: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of physical activity on self-esteem levels in older adults. Methods: This review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched using the following terms (in English): (physical activity OR physical exercise OR training) AND (self-esteem OR self-confidence OR self-respect) AND (male OR female) AND older adults. Results: Out of 3,732 identified publications, after removing duplicates and initial screening, 17 studies were ultimately included in the analysis (total of 1,820 participants). All included studies showed a statistically significant positive relationship between regular physical activity and higher self-esteem in older adults. Particularly beneficial effects were observed for aerobic training (e.g., walking, jogging, cycling), yoga sessions, and exercises targeting strength, endurance, and coordination development. Conclusion: Regular participation in activities such as walking, yoga, and moderate-intensity exercises positively influences self-esteem in older adults, making physical activity an important factor for psychological well-being in later life. Systematic review registration: The systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database and is available under the ID number: CRD420251011376, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251011376.