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    Effect of Impairment on the Prevalence and Comorbidities of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a National Survey: Nation-Wide Prevalence and Comorbidities of ADHD
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2022) Ercan, Eyup Sabri; Unsel-Bolat, Gul; Tufan, Ali Evren; Karakoc Demirkaya, Sevcan; Bilac, Oznur; Celik, Goncagul; Kilic, Birim Gunay
    Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and comorbidities of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by evaluating a large-scale nation-wide sample of children. Method: The inclusion criterion was being enrolled as a 2nd, 3rd, or 4th-grade student. A semi-structured diagnostic interview (K-SADS-PL), DSM-IV-Based Screening Scale for Disruptive Behavior Disorders, and assessment of impairment (by both parents and teachers) were applied to 5,842 participants. Results: The prevalence of ADHD was 19.5% without impairment and 12.4% with impairment. Both ADHD with and without impairment groups had similar psychiatric comorbidity rates except for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) diagnoses. Impairment in the ADHD group resulted in significantly higher ODD and CD diagnoses. Conclusion: Even when impairment is not described, other psychiatric disorders accompany the diagnosis of ADHD and may cause impairment in the future. Impairment in the diagnosis of ADHD significantly increases the likelihood of ODD and CD.
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    Psychopathology in parents of children with school phobia
    (Turkiye Sinir Ve Ruh Sagligi Dernegi, 2006) Ozcan, Ozlem; Kilic, Birim Gunay; Aysev, Ayla
    Objective: In children, what is referred to as school phobia is usually avoidant behavior secondary to separation anxiety. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychopathology in parents of children with school phobia. Method: The study compared 2 groups of parents: 1) parents of children with school phobia (n = 50); 2) parents of children free of any psychiatric diagnosis (n = 50). Parents were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSMIV (SCID-I) to determine rates of overall psychopathology by a second clinician blind to the diagnostic status of their children, and they were also administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) to determine the presence of anxiety and mood disorders. Children with school phobia (n = 25), aged 6-12 years, and an age-and gender-matched control group (n = 25) were assessed based on the criteria of the DSM-IV. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) 4-18. Results: All of the children with school phobia met the criteria for an anxiety disorder. Parental psychopathology was higher in parents of children with school phobia than in parents of normal children. BDI, BAI, and fear and anxiety subscale scores of the LSAS were significantly higher in the parents of school phobic children than in the control group parents. Conclusions: The high rates of psychopathology in parents of children with school phobia suggested that treatment of children diagnosed as anxiety disorder should include the treatment of parents as well.