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    The acute effects of single football match on whole blood viscosity and hematological variables in female soccer players
    (Scientific Publishers India, 2016) Duzova, Halil; Karakoc, Y.; Gullu, E.; Gullu, A.; Koksal, B.; Esen, B.
    In this study, we aimed to investigate the acute effects of single 90-minute football match on whole blood viscosity and hematological variables in amateur female soccer players. Ten subjects were selected from the female footballers of an amateur regional football club in Turkey, at the last week of football season. Prior to last seasonal football match venous blood samples were drawn. After 90 minute football match, the researchers stopped the match timely and blood samples were redrawn from subjects. From the samples, pre- and post-match hematological parameters, lactate level, blood viscosity, plasma Na+ and K+ levels were determined. The results showed that mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Na+ and K+ levels were all decreased significantly whereas numbers of white blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT) were both increased after the match. We didn't find statistically significant difference in whole blood viscosity after the match. Blood lactate levels were also significantly increased after the match. Our results showed that blood viscosity of female footballers tends to increase by this type of training due to decrease in body waters and increase in WBC and PLT numbers of amateur female footballers. Increase in blood lactate levels is remarkable and may have adverse effect on blood viscosity of these subjects because some protective mechanisms might not have adequately developed with regular training throughout the season.
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    INVESTIGATING EFFECTS OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT ON NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN THE STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC MICE
    (Dnipropetrovsk State Medical Acad, 2019) Yurt, A.; Koksal, B.; Gurbuz, P.; Yildiz, A.; Vardi, N.; Alcin, E.
    Diabetes mellitus is a complicated and serious health problem involving peripheral neuropathy. This situation causes to loss of senses, tingle and pain. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) affects 236 million people around the World. Hence there is a need to investigate alternative ways of cure focusing on DPN. Flavonoids have potential on pain due to their permeability characteristic in the capillary microcirculation system and in lowering blood pressure. Flavonoids are common in grape seed. The main flavonoids of grape seed involve proanthocyanidins which might be an effective agent in cure of pain in DPN. The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of grape seed extract on neuropathic pain in the Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. In the study, 50 eight-week old BALB-C strain mice in five different groups (Control, Diabetic Control, Control+25 mg/kg, Diabetes+25 mg/kg and Diabetes+50 mg/kg) were used. To induce diabetes in thirty of these animals, single dose Streptozotocin (180 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. After diabetes was observed, grape seed extract (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg body weight) was administered by oral gavage in three groups (Control+25 mg/kg, Diabetes+25 mg/kg and Diabetes+50 mg/kg) during six weeks. At the end of the second and sixth weeks, pain threshold measurements in hot plate test were performed in line with a predetermined thermal pain model. Also the tissues of the sciatic nerve and abdominal aorta from the animals were histologically investigated. As a result hot plate measurements, pain threshold values of the animals in Diabetes+50mg/kg group significantly differed from the measurements of the animals in control group in the first measurements and from the animals in Diabetes+25 mg/kg group in the second measurements (p<0.05). However pain threshold values of the animals in Diabetes+25 mg/kg group differed significantly from the values of the animals in control+25 mg/kg group and control group. It means pain threshold values of the animals in Diabetes+50 mg/kg and Diabetes+25 mg/kg groups were significantly lower than the values of the animals in the other groups. The results of histological investigations showed that degenerations of myelin sheet and axons in diabetic control group were decreased significantly in Diabetes+50 mg/kg and Diabetes+25 mg/kg groups. Moreover degenerations of aorta tissues of animals in diabetic group were not seen in the animals of Diabetes+50 mg/kg except for tunica adventitia inflammation. It can be said that grape seed extract decreased threshold of neuropathic pain in the Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and prevented degenerations of myelin sheet and axons, and aorta tissues.