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Öğe Comparison of Effects of Three Distinct Stress Models on Anxiety- and Depression-Related Behaviors in Female Rats(2019) Şahin, Zafer; Koc, Aynur; Ozen Koca, Raviye; Ozkurkculer, Alpaslan; Cakan, Pinar; Gormus Solak, Z. Isik; Kutlu, SelimAbstract: Objective The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of three distinct stress protocols on anxiety/depression-related behaviors in adult female rats.( Sakarya Med J 2019, 9(1): 131-140 )Materialsand MethodsAdult Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=8/ group) as control, immobilization stress-1 (daily 45 minutes) immobilization stress-2 (daily twice 45minutes) and social isolation (rats were housed in a metabolic cage). Stress protocols were performed for a period of 10 days. When the animals were in diestrus, anxiety anddepression-like behaviors were evaluated by the open field test and forced swimming test, respectively. Anxiety and depression tests were repeated after a 10-day rest period.Results In the open field test, a percentage of time spent in the central area was lower in the immobilization stress-2 and social isolation (p<0.05) groups and total distance was lowerin the immobilization stress-1 (p<0.01) and the social isolation groups (p<0.05). Rearing score was lower in the social isolation group (p<0.05). Swimming behaviors werelower (p<0.01), and immobility durations were higher (p<0.05) in the immobilization stress-1 and social isolation groups. In the second tests, time spent in the central areawas lower in the immobilization stress-1 (p<0.05) and the immobilization stress-2 (p<0.01) groups. Swimming behaviors were lower and immobility behaviors were higherin the immobilization stress-1 group (p<0.001) and the social isolation group (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively).Conclusion We suggest that depression-like behaviors are more dominant in the immobilization stress-1 and social isolation groups of adult female rats because the depression-relatedresults of these two groups are valid both after the stress period and after the rest period.Öğe An Evaluation of the Effects of Two Chronic Immobilization Stress Protocols on Depression/AnxietyRelated Behavior in Male Rats(2019) Şahin, Zafer; Özkürkçüler, Alpaslan; Koç, Aynur; Solak, Hatice; Özen Koca, Raviye; Çakan, Pınar; Solak Görmüş, Zülfikare Işık; Kutlu, SelimAbstract: Objective: The effect of acute and chronic stress models on depression and/or anxiety-like behavior in rodents has been widely studied,but with contradictory results. This may be due to differences in the sex and age of the animals studied or inherent differences in thestress models used. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of two immobilization stress protocols on depression/anxiety-likebehaviors in adult male rats.Materials and Methods: Adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10) comprising: control, immobilization stress-1(45 minutes daily for a period of ten days), and immobilization stress-2 (45 minutes twice a day for a period of ten days). Stress-relatedbehavior was evaluated by means of the open field and forced swim tests. In addition, change in body weight, fasting blood glucose, andserum corticosterone were measured.Results: In the open field test, the percentage of time spent in the central area and mean velocity were significantly lower in theimmobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups as compared to the control group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively).Movement ratios were lower in both immobilization stress groups than in the control group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). In theforced swim test, the duration of swimming, climbing and immobility behavior in both immobilization stress protocols did not differ fromthe control group. Serum corticosterone levels were higher in the immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups than in thecontrol group (p <0.05), but no overt differences were determined in the percentage change in body weight or the fasting blood glucoselevel between the stress protocol groups and the control group (p > 0.05).Conclusion: We may conclude that immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 protocols do not cause depression-like behavior inadult male rats. However, anxiety-like behaviors predominated in both stress protocol groups.Öğe An example of a misnomer in medicine: Choice of the term basal ganglia for the basal nuclei(2020) Sahin, Zafer; Kalkan, Omer Faruk; Kutlu, SelimIn modern literature, a group of neurons in the peripheral nervous system is called a ‘ganglion’, while this in the central nervous system is called a ‘nucleus’. For the plurality of these structures, ganglia and nuclei are used, respectively. Such terminological distinction was probably not in the mind of early scientists, and the name of the basal ganglion became a misnomer frequently used by modern scientists to name subcortical nuclei involved in the control of movement. All this is far from explaining why this misnomer continues. It is not known whether it will change in the future, but it is certain that this will not happen in the near future. Knowing that it is used with a misnomer and the fact that these structures are actually basal nuclei appears in the minds of scientists and students is an important victory.Öğe An example of a misnomer in medicine: Choice of the term basal ganglia for the basal nuclei(2020) Sahin, Zafer; Kalkan, Omer Faruk; Kutlu, SelimIn modern literature, a group of neurons in the peripheral nervous system is called a ‘ganglion’, while this in the central nervous system is called a ‘nucleus’. For the plurality of these structures, ganglia and nuclei are used, respectively. Such terminological distinction was probably not in the mind of early scientists, and the name of the basal ganglion became a misnomer frequently used by modern scientists to name subcortical nuclei involved in the control of movement. All this is far from explaining why this misnomer continues. It is not known whether it will change in the future, but it is certain that this will not happen in the near future. Knowing that it is used with a misnomer and the fact that these structures are actually basal nuclei appears in the minds of scientists and students is an important victoryÖğe Oxytocin activates calcium signaling in rat sensory neurons through a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism(Springer, 2014) Ayar, Ahmet; Ozcan, Mete; Alcin, Ergul; Serhatlioglu, Ihsan; Ozcan, Sibel; Kutlu, Selim; Kelestimur, HalukIn addition to its well-known effects on parturition and lactation, oxytocin (OT) plays an important role in modulation of pain and nociceptive transmission. But, the mechanism of this effect is unclear. To address the possible role of OT on pain modulation at the peripheral level, the effects of OT on intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+](i)) in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were investigated by using an in vitro calcium imaging system. DRG neurons were grown in primary culture following enzymatic and mechanical dissociation of ganglia from 1- or 2-day-old neonatal Wistar rats. Using the fura-2-based calcium imaging technique, the effects of OT on [Ca2+](i) and role of the protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated pathway in OT effect were assessed. OT caused a significant increase in basal levels of [Ca2+](i) after application at the doses of 30 nM (n=34, p<0.01), 100 nM (n=41, p<0.001) and 300 nM (n=46, p<0.001). The stimulatory effect of OT (300 nM) on [Ca2+](i) was persistent in Ca2+-free conditions (n=56, p<0.01). Chelerythrine chloride, a PKC inhibitor, significantly reduced the OT-induced increase in [Ca2+](i) (n=28, p<0.001). We demonstrated that OT activates intracellular calcium signaling in cultured rat primary sensory neurons in a dose-and PKC-dependent mechanism. The finding of the role of OT in peripheral pain modification may serve as a novel target for the development of new pharmacological strategies for the management of pain.Öğe Pinealectomy alters IFN-? and IL-10 levels in primary thymocyte culture of rats(C M B Assoc, 2018) Sahin, Zafer; Sandal, Suleyman; Yilmaz, Bayram; Bulmus, Ozgur; Ozdemir, Gokcen; Kutlu, Selim; Godekmerdan, AhmetMelatonin, produced mainly by the pineal gland, has an immunomodulatory role. However, the effects of the pineal gland and/or melatonin on thymus cytokine levels such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 are not well known. Twenty-one male Wistar rats (220-250 gr) were randomly divided into three groups (n=7): intact control, sham, and pinealectomy. Primary thymocyte cultures were prepared from each group and dispensed into well plates as Control, DMSO (or vehicle), Sham-pinealectomy, Pinealectomy, Pinealectomy+10 mu M melatonin, and Pinealectomy+100 mu M melatonin. IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 concentrations were measured in the thymocytes (as nonstimulated and Concanavalin A-stimulated) after 24 h. IFN-gamma levels significantly increased and IL-10 levels significantly decreased in both media prepared from pinealectomized rats. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of IL-4. In the pinealectomy+100 mu M melatonin group, IFN-gamma and IL-10 levels did not differ from the pinealectomy group. However, the dose of 100 mu M melatonin caused a decrease in levels of IFN-gamma in both thymocyte media and an increase in the concentration of IL-10 in Concanavalin A-stimulated thymocytes. In conclusion, pineal gland and or melatonin affect IFN-gamma and IL-10 levels in the thymus gland.Öğe Pinealectomy alters ıfn-gamma and ıl-10 levels in primary thymocyte culture of rats(C m b assoc, 34 boulevard solferıno, 86000 poıtıers, france, 2018) Sahin, Zafer; Sandal, Suleyman; Yilmaz, Bayram; Bulmus, Ozgur; Ozdemir, Gokcen; Kutlu, Selim; Godekmerdan, Ahmet; Kelestimur, HalukMelatonin, produced mainly by the pineal gland, has an immunomodulatory role. However, the effects of the pineal gland and/or melatonin on thymus cytokine levels such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 are not well known. Twenty-one male Wistar rats (220-250 gr) were randomly divided into three groups (n=7): intact control, sham, and pinealectomy. Primary thymocyte cultures were prepared from each group and dispensed into well plates as Control, DMSO (or vehicle), Sham-pinealectomy, Pinealectomy, Pinealectomy+10 mu M melatonin, and Pinealectomy+100 mu M melatonin. IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 concentrations were measured in the thymocytes (as nonstimulated and Concanavalin A-stimulated) after 24 h. IFN-gamma levels significantly increased and IL-10 levels significantly decreased in both media prepared from pinealectomized rats. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of IL-4. In the pinealectomy+100 mu M melatonin group, IFN-gamma and IL-10 levels did not differ from the pinealectomy group. However, the dose of 100 mu M melatonin caused a decrease in levels of IFN-gamma in both thymocyte media and an increase in the concentration of IL-10 in Concanavalin A-stimulated thymocytes. In conclusion, pineal gland and or melatonin affect IFN-gamma and IL-10 levels in the thymus gland.Öğe Sıçanlarda gıda alımının düzenlenmesinde rol alan nörotransmitterler üzerine melatoninin etkisi(2013) Canpolat, Sinan; Sandal, Süleyman; Kutlu, Selim; Aydın, Mehmet; Yılmaz, Bayram; Keleştimur, HalukAmaç: Melatoninin gıda alımı üzerine etkisi ile ilgili, farklı türlerde çelişkili sonuçlar içeren önemli çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bu çalışmadaki amacımız melatoninin gıda alımının düzenlenmesinde rolü olan Lateral Hipotalamik Nükleus (LHA), Ventromedial Hipotalamik Nükleus (VMN) ve Nükleus Akkumbens (NAC) bölgelerindeki nörotransmitterler ile metabolitleri üzerine etkisinin olup olmadığını araştırmaktı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada 16 adet wistar albino cinsi sıçan kullanıldı. Yirmidört saat aç bırakılan sıçanlar iki gruba ayrıldı ve bir gruba intraperitoneal melatonin (2mg/kg) verildi. Kontrol grubuna ise çözücü enjekte edildi. Enjeksiyonlardan yarım saat sonra hayvanlar dekapite edilerek beyin dokuları alındı. Mikro panç tekniği ile VMN, LHA ve NAC çıkarılarak homojenize edildi ve Elektrokimyasal Detektörlü, Yüksek Performanslı Sıvı Kromotografisi (HPLC-ECD) yöntemiyle dopamin, noradrenalin ve bunların metabolitlerinin tayini yapıldı. Bulgular: Melatonin, LHA’da noradrenalin ve dihidroksi fenilglikol (DHPG) değerlerinde artışa neden olurken, VMN’da sadece noradrenalin artırmıştır. NAC’de ise noradrenalin değerini anlamlı bir şekilde azaltırken DHPG değerini artırmıştır. Bu nükleusta dopamin ve 3,4-dihidroksi fenilasetikasit (DOPAC) değerlerinde ise herhangi bir değişiklik oluşturmamıştır. Sonuç: Melatoninin LHA’daki noradrenalin ve DHPG değerlerinde artışa neden olması gıda alımını azaltıcı bir etkiye sahip olabileceğini göstermektedir. Aynı şekilde NAC’deki noradrenalin değerindeki azalma da yine melatoninin gıda alımını azaltıcı bir etkiye sahip olabileceğini göstermiştir.
