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Öğe Age and Attitudes Toward Bribery(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, data were taken from the most recent World Values Survey. Forty-eight countries were included in the study. Age was found to be a significant demographic variable in slightly less than half of the countries surveyed. In most cases where there was a significant difference in mean scores, the oldest age group had the strongest opposition to bribe taking. Three exceptions were Indonesia, Iran, and Tajikistan, where the oldest age group had the least opposition to bribe taking. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Age and Attitudes Toward Bribery: Summaries of 26 Studies(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.This chapter summarizes the results of 26 studies that were conducted on the relationship between age and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Atheist Attitudes Toward Bribery(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.; Yüzbaşı B.The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, data were taken from the most recent World Values Survey. It focuses on atheist views on the ethics of accepting a bribe. Overall, 64.7% of the atheist sample thought that accepting a bribe could never be justified. The relationship between age and the acceptability of taking a bribe was linear. The youngest age group (16–29) was least opposed, while the oldest age group (50+) showed the strongest opposition. Married people were significantly more opposed to bribe taking than were single people. The unemployed group showed the weakest opposition to bribe taking; the retired/pensioned group showed the strongest opposition. The low-income group was significantly more opposed to bribe taking than was the medium-income group. Those in the not happy at all group showed the weakest opposition to bribe taking, while the very happy group showed the strongest opposition. Those on the left side of the political spectrum were significantly more opposed to bribe taking than were those in the right and center groups. Those who worked in the private nonprofit sector were significantly less opposed to bribe taking than were those in the government and business groups. Those who had a great deal of confidence in government were significantly more opposed to bribe taking than were those who had either quite a lot or not very much confidence in government. Gender, education level, and social class were not significant variables. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Attitudes towards tax evasion in turkey and australia: A comparative study(MDPI AG, 2016) McGee R.W.; Devos K.; Benk S.The authors conducted a survey of 502 Turkish and Australian undergraduate and graduate business and economic students to determine their views regarding the ethics of tax evasion. These two groups were selected on the premise that their views represented the perceptions of two very different cultures, which has not been investigated in previous studies. The survey instrument required students to indicate their level of agreeableness to 18 general statements representing various scenarios in the socio-economic environment. The statements in the survey reflected the three main viewpoints regarding the ethics of tax evasion which have emerged from the literature to date. The results of the study show that although Turkish scores are significantly different from the Australian scores, both Turkish and Australian respondents believe that tax evasion can be ethically justifiable in certain situations, although some arguments are stronger than others. © 2016 by the author.Öğe Buddhist Attitudes Toward Bribery(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.; Yüzbaşı B.The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, data were taken from the most recent World Values Survey. More than 67% of the Buddhist sample believed that taking a bribe could never be justified. Opposition to bribe taking was significantly stronger in the two oldest age groups. Those with a tertiary education were significantly more opposed to bribery than were members of the other three education groups. Those who were very happy were significantly more opposed to bribery than those who were not very happy. Those who had no confidence at all in the government were least averse to accepting a bribe, while those who had quite a lot of confidence in government showed the strongest opposition. Gender, marital status, employment status, social class, income level, position on the political spectrum, and sector of employment were not significant variables. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Christian Attitudes Toward Bribery(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.; Yüzbaşı B.The present study is part of a much larger study that examines the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, data were taken from the most recent World Values Survey. Overall, opposition to taking a bribe was strong. All demographic variable tested were significant. Women were significantly more opposed to bribe taking than were men. Opposition to bribe taking increased with age. With regard to marital status, the least opposition to bribe taking was among the group who were living together as married; the divorced group showed the strongest opposition. Opposition increased with the level of education. Those at the highest income level showed the least opposition to bribe taking. The retired/pensioned group showed the strongest opposition to bribe taking. Those in the upper class were least opposed to bring taking. The very happy group had the strongest tolerance to bribe taking. The relationship between degree of happiness and acceptance of bribe taking was curvilinear. Those on the right side of the political spectrum showed the least opposition to bribe taking. Those who worked in the private, nonprofit sector were the least opposed to bribe taking, while those who worked for government institutions had the strongest opposition. The group that had a great deal of confidence in the government showed the lowest opposition to bribe taking, while the group that had no confidence at all in the government had the strongest opposition. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Christian attitudes toward ethics of tax evasion: a case study(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd., 2019) McGee R.W.; Benk S.Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine Christian views on the ethics of tax evasion. Design/methodology/approach: To achieve this objective, data were gathered from the most recent World Values Survey, which included 60 countries. The sample size exceeded 30,000. Various demographic variables were also examined, such as gender, age, marital status, education level, income level, social class, position on the political spectrum and others. Findings: This study found that although there was widespread opposition to tax evasion, it could be justified sometimes. Not all Christian sects had the same view of tax evasion. Some sects were less severe in their opposition than others. This study ranked the various sects from least to most opposed. Originality/value: The present study expands the religions literature by showing that differing Christian sects have opinions on the ethics of tax evasion that differ significantly, and that it cannot be said categorically that the more conservative Christian sects are either more opposed or less opposed to tax evasion than are the liberal or moderate sects. © 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited.Öğe Confidence in Government and Attitudes Toward Bribery: Summaries of 15 Studies(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.This chapter summarizes the results of 15 studies that were conducted on the relationship between confidence in government and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Confidence in the Justice System and Attitudes Toward Bribery: Summaries of Six Studies(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.This chapter summarizes the results of six studies that were conducted on the relationship between confidence in the justice system and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Confidence in the Police and Attitudes Toward Bribery: Summaries of Seven Studies(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.This chapter summarizes the results of seven studies that were conducted on the relationship between confidence in the police and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Education Level and Attitudes Toward Bribery(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, data were taken from the most recent World Values Survey. Forty-seven countries were included in the study. In some cases, education was a significant demographic variable, while in other cases it was not. The correlation between education level and attitude toward receiving a bribe was not clear. Several different patterns were found. The findings in the present study confirm the findings in several other studies. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Education Level and Attitudes Toward Bribery: Summaries of 23 Studies(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.This chapter summarizes the results of 23 studies that were conducted on the relationship between education level and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Employment Status and Attitudes Toward Bribery: Summaries of 17 Studies(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.This chapter summarizes the results of 17 studies that were conducted on the relationship between employment status and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe The Ethics of Bribery: Theoretical and Empirical Studies(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.While most people assume that all bribery is unethical, the literature provides examples and philosophical arguments to support the proposition that some bribery may actually be ethical, based on utilitarian grounds. This book provides a theoretical and empirical examination of bribery from an ethical perspective. It examines empirical data from over 80 countries and reports on attitudes toward bribery examining demographic variables such as gender, age, ethnicity, education, income level, religion and social class. Multi-country comparisons are provided to determine whether views toward bribery differ by geographic location. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Ethnicity and Attitudes Toward Bribery: Summaries of Eight Studies(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.This chapter summarizes the results of eight studies that were conducted on the relationship between ethnicity and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Gender and Attitudes Toward Bribery(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, data were taken from the most recent World Values Survey. This study included 83 countries. Women were either significantly more opposed to bribe taking or were somewhat more opposed to bribe taking in about 80% of all cases. Men were significantly more opposed to bribe taking in only five countries. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Gender and Attitudes Toward Bribery: Summaries of 31 Studies(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.This chapter summarizes the results of 31 studies that were conducted on the relationship between gender and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Happiness and Attitudes Toward Bribery: Summaries of 19 Studies(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.This chapter summarizes the results of 19 studies that were conducted on the relationship between happiness and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Health and Attitudes Toward Bribery: Summaries of 11 Studies(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.This chapter summarizes the results of 11 studies that were conducted on the relationship between health and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Hindu Attitudes Toward Bribery(Springer International Publishing, 2023) McGee R.W.; Benk S.; Yüzbaşı B.The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, data were taken from the most recent World Values Survey. The main demographic variable examined in this chapter was religion. It focuses on Hindu views on the ethics of accepting a bribe. Overall, 61.8% believed that accepting a bribe in the course of business was never justifiable, while only 1.6% thought it was always justifiable. Marital status was a significant variable. The group least opposed to bribe taking was the separated group, and the group most strongly opposed to bribe taking was the widowed group. Several other comparisons also had significant differences in mean scores. Members of the upper social class were significantly least opposed to bribe taking than were members of the other classes. Education, gender, age, income level, the degree of happiness, position on the political spectrum, confidence in the government, sector of employment, and employment status were not significant variables. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.
