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    Ephedra alata Growing Wild in Southern Tunisia: Phytochemical Profiling and Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, Anti-xanthine Oxidase and Cytotoxic Potentials
    (Natl Information Documentation Cent, Acad Scientific Research & Technology, 2026) Bennour, Naima; Mighri, Hedi; Harboub, Nesrine; Eljani, Hajer; Chouikhi, Naima; Yesilada, Ozfer; Campra, Pablo
    This study investigated the ethnobotanical use, phytochemical composition, and biological activities of Ephedra alata from southern Tunisia. Ethnobotanical data were collected via an online questionnaire, and proximate, phytochemical, and mineral analyses were performed using standard methods. Extracts obtained with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, ethanol, and water were assessed for total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), as well as for anti-inflammatory (5-lipoxygenase inhibition), anti-xanthine oxidase, cytotoxic (HT-29 cell line), and antibacterial (MIC against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) activities. Among 450 respondents, 64% were familiar with Ephedra and 27% reported its use mainly aerial parts via infusion for cancer, digestive issues, and hypertension. Nutritional analysis revealed high fiber (41.6%), protein (9.45%), and mineral content. Phytochemical screening identified 9 of 17 targeted compounds. Mineral analysis confirmed the presence of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Fe. Ethanol extracts showed the highest anti-xanthine oxidase (IC50 = 143mg/L) and cytotoxic activity (GI50= 780mg/L), while overall anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects were weak. These findings support the traditional use of E. alata and highlight its potential in health and nutrition applications.
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    Modelling the chemical reactivity and biological functions of phenolics: a computational approach
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2025) Mighri, Hedi; Bennour, Naima; Jarray, Noureddine; Harboub, Nesrine; Madrid, Pablo Campra; Kucukbay, Hasan; Akrout, Ahmed
    This study was conducted on wild Ajuga iva species, widely used in Tunisian folk medicine for treating various diseases. It was selected as a model plant to introduce an innovative predictive modelling approach that aims to establish a connection between its phenolic composition and related biological activities. For that, six extracts were prepared using solvents of increasing polarity (Hex: Hexane, DCM: Dichloromethane, EtAc: Ethyl acetate, BuOH: Butanol, EtOH: Ethanol, and water: Aq) and evaluated for a range of biological activities. Kaempferol, cynaroside, and gallic, 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic, and salvianolic acids were identified by LC-MS analysis, for the first time in the A. iva's aerial part. Based on chromatographic profiling and response surface methodology (RSM), the established model exhibited robust predictive power (R2 = 0.946) in correlating phenolic content with bioactivity. Variance inflation factor (VIF) analysis allowed selecting salvianolic acid, quercetin, cirsiliol, and cirsilineol as the most impactful contributors to this bioactivity. These findings were further supported by Partial least squares regression (PLSR) to confirm the model's ability in capturing complex multivariate interactions. Despite this, interpretation of the negative regression coefficients in the generated model, raised questions about underlying compound dynamics, potentially influenced by multicollinearity, synergistic or antagonistic effects, or concentration thresholds. These interactions warrant further investigation through in silico approaches to better understand the mechanistic insights into the real effects.
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    Moringa oleifera leaves: could solvent and extraction method affect phenolic composition and bioactivities?
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2021) Bennour, Naima; Mighri, Hedi; Bouhamda, Talel; Mabrouk, Mahmoud; Apohan, Elif; Yesilada, Ozfer; Kucukbay, Hasan
    This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of extraction methods (direct maceration (DM) and successive maceration (SM)) and solvents (dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EAc), butanol (But), and aqueous extraction (Aqu)) on the phenolic composition and biological activities of Moringa oleifera leaves cultivated for the first time in Tunisia. Total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and LC-MS analysis were performed for all extracts. Antioxidant potential by DPPH, metal chelating, and FRAP assays, antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) by the minimum inhibitory concentration method (MIC) and cytotoxic properties against lung cancer cells (A549), were determined. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of M. oleifera leaves depend on the method and the solvent used for the extraction of these bioactive substances. The But extract prepared by SM method exhibited the highest amounts of TPC (103.06 +/- 0.5 mg GAE/g DE) and showed the strongest potential antioxidant (CI50 = 0.26 mg/mL on DPPH test), antibacterial (MIC = 250 mu g/mL) and cytotoxic activities (GI(50) = 69.9 mu g/mL). LC-MS analysis showed that 28 phenolic compounds of 33 tested standards were found in M. oleifera leaves. The But extract obtained by SM method exhibited the highest amounts of rutin, quercetin and syringic acid.