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    A thorny tale: The origin and diversification of Cirsium (Compositae)
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2025) Moreyra, Lucia D.; Susanna, Alfonso; Calleja, Juan Antonio; Ackerfield, Jennifer R.; Arabaci, Turan; Blanco-Gavalda, Carme; Brochmann, Christian
    Widely distributed plant genera offer insights into biogeographic processes and biodiversity. The CarduusCirsium group, with over 600 species in eight genera, is diverse across the Holarctic regions, especially in the Mediterranean Basin, Southwest Asia, Japan, and North America. Despite this diversity, evolutionary and biogeographic processes within the group, particularly for the genus Cirsium, remain underexplored. This study examines the biogeographic history and diversification of the group, focusing on Cirsium, using the largest molecular dataset for the group (299 plants from 251 taxa). Phylogenomic analyses based on 350 nuclear loci, derived from target capture sequencing, revealed highly resolved and consistent phylogenetic trees, with some incongruences likely due to hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting. Ancestral range estimations suggest that the Carduus-Cirsium group originated during the Late Miocene in the Western Palearctic, particularly in the Mediterranean, Eastern Europe, or Southwest Asia. A key dispersal event to tropical eastern Africa around 10.7 million years ago led to the genera Afrocarduus and Afrocirsium, which later diversified in the Afromontane region. The two subgenera of Cirsium-Lophiolepis and Cirsium-began diversifying around 7.2-7.3 million years ago in the Western Palearctic. During the Early Pliocene, diversification rates increased, with both subgenera dispersing to Southwest Asia, where extensive in situ diversification occurred. Rapid radiations in North America and Japan during the Pleistocene were triggered by jump-dispersals events from Asia, likely driven by geographic isolation and ecological specialization. This added further layers of complexity to the already challenging taxonomic classification of Cirsium.Keywords: Biogeography; Carduinae; Cirsium; Diversification; North Hemisphere; Target-enrichment; Taxonomy.
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    African Mountain Thistles: Three New Genera in the Carduus-Cirsium Group
    (Mdpi, 2023) Moreyra, Lucia D.; Garcia-Jacas, Nuria; Roquet, Cristina; Ackerfield, Jennifer R.; Arabaci, Turan; Blanco-Gavalda, Carme; Brochmann, Christian
    The floras on the highest mountains in tropical eastern Africa are among the most unique floras in the world. Despite the exceptionally high concentration of endemic species, these floras remain understudied from an evolutionary point of view. In this study, we focus on the Carduus-Cirsium group (subtribe Carduinae) to unravel the evolutionary relationships of the species endemic to the tropical Afromontane and Afroalpine floras, aiming to improve the systematics of the group. We applied the Hyb-Seq approach using the Compositae1061 probe set on 190 samples (159 species), encompassing representatives of all genera of Carduinae. We used two recently developed pipelines that enabled the processing of raw sequence reads, identification of paralogous sequences and segregation into orthologous alignments. After the implementation of a missing data filter, we retained sequences from 986 nuclear loci and 177 plastid regions. Phylogenomic analyses were conducted using both concatenated and summary-coalescence methods. The resulting phylogenies were highly resolved and revealed three distinct evolutionary lineages consisting of the African species traditionally referred to as Carduus and Cirsium. Consequently, we propose the three new genera Afrocarduus, Afrocirsium and Nuriaea; the latter did notably not belong to the Carduus-Cirsium group. We detected some incongruences between the phylogenies based on concatenation vs. coalescence and on nuclear vs. plastid datasets, likely attributable to incomplete lineage sorting and/or hybridization.