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    Acute Effects of Kickboxing K1 Matches on Hematological Parameters of Kickboxers
    (Mdpi, 2024) Niewczas, Marta; Ilbak, Ismail; Duz, Serkan; Palka, Tomasz; Ambrozy, Tadeusz; Duda, Henryk; Wasacz, Wojciech
    While there is clear evidence in the literature that the hematological parameters in athletes of different sports are affected by exercise and varying loads, to our knowledge, there are limited studies on the real impact of kickboxing matches on kickboxers' hematological parameters. In this context, this cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the acute changes in the hematological parameters of kickboxers following K1 matches. With the participation of 10 kickboxing K1 athletes, the hematological parameters, including the WBC, Plt, Neut, Lymph, Mono, RBC, Hgb, Hct, CK, La, and glucose levels, were examined before and after matches. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare the pre-test and post-test hematological parameters of the participants. The findings indicated statistically significant differences in the post-match WBC, Plt, Neut, Lymph, CK, La, and glucose levels, while no statistically significant differences were observed in the RBC, Hct, Hgb, and CK levels (p < 0.05). These results not only emphasize the complexity of physiological changes in athletes, but also show consistency with various findings in the literature, while contradicting some. Therefore, it is highlighted that further research is needed to understand the effects of K1 matches on hematological parameters.
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    The Impact of K-1 Kickboxing Tournament Fights on Growth Hormone, IGF-1, and Insulin Levels: Preliminary Findings from a Pilot Study in Elite Athletes
    (Mdpi, 2025) Rydzik, Lukasz; Ilbak, Ismail; Duz, Serkan; Ambrozy, Tadeusz; Palka, Tomasz; Kopanska, Marta; Niewczas, Marta
    Background: Evidence on acute endocrine responses to K-1 kickboxing is limited. This pilot study assessed pre-to-post changes in GH, IGF-1 and insulin after a single K-1 bout and explored relationships with training experience (TE), final heart rate (HRFINAL) and perceived exertion (RPE). Methods: Elite male K-1 athletes (n = 10) completed an interclub, referee-supervised three-round bout (3 x 2 min). Venous blood was sampled pre-fight and +2 min. GH, IGF-1 and insulin were assayed (ELISA). Paired t-tests and Pearson's r quantified changes and associations. Results: GH rose from 1.20 +/- 2.05 to 11.27 +/- 8.82 ng/mL (p = 0.007; d = 1.85), and insulin from 5.95 +/- 1.56 to 12.95 +/- 5.95 mu U/mL (p = 0.002; d = 1.86); IGF-1 showed no change (200.90 +/- 55.89 to 203.00 +/- 54.10 ng/mL; p = 0.497). Delta GH and Delta insulin correlated positively with HRFINAL (rp = 0.89 and 0.88, both p < 0.001) and RPE (rp = 0.70 and 0.68; p = 0.024 and 0.031), and negatively with TE (rp = -0.72 and -0.68; p = 0.019 and 0.031). Conclusions: A single K-1 fight elicited large acute increases in GH and insulin but not IGF-1 at +2 min. HRFINAL and RPE tracked response magnitude, while more experienced athletes showed smaller deltas. Findings are preliminary and limited by a small sample, elite-only cohort, in an interclub setting, with immediate sampling and absence of a control group.