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Öğe Association between 2D:4D ratios and sprinting, change of direction ability, aerobic fitness, and cumulative workloads in elite youth soccer players(Bmc, 2023) Nobari, Hadi; Eken, Ozgur; Prieto-Gonzalez, Pablo; Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, Joao PauloBackgroundThe aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to determine the correlation between 2D:4D, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), body fat percentage (BF%), maximum heart rate (HRmax), change of direction (COD), and accumulated acute and chronic workload variables; (ii) to verify if the length of the second digit divided by fourth digit (2D:4D) can explain fitness variables and accumulated training load.MethodsTwenty elite young football players (age: 13.26 +/- 0.19 years; height: 165.8 +/- 11.67 cm; body mass: 50.70 +/- 7.56 kg; VO2max, 48.22 +/- 2.29 ml.kg(- 1).min(- 1)) participated in the present study. Anthropometric and body composition variables (e.g., height, body mass, sitting height, age, BF%, body mass index, right and left finger 2D:4D ratios) were measured. The following fitness tests were also conducted: 30 - 15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VO2max and HRmax), COD (5-0-5 agility test), and speed (10-30msprint test. HRmax and the training load were also measured and monitored using the Rate of Perceived Exertion during the 26 weeks.ResultsThere were associations between HRmax and VO2max, between 2D and 4D lengths and Left and Right hand ratios. Also, in AW with Right and Left 4D. The CW and de ACWR with the Right 4D. There were other associations between physical test variables and workload variables.ConclusionsUnder-14 soccer players with low right and left-hand 2D:4D ratios did not perform better in the selected fitness tests to assess VO2max, COD, or sprint ability. However, it cannot be ruled out that the absence of statistically significant results may be related to the small sample size and the maturational heterogeneity of the participants.Öğe The Association of Gene Polymorphisms Linked to Caffeine Use with Athletic Performance(Gazi Univ, Fac Med, 2023) Yildirim, Selin; Bulgay, Celal; Ergun, Mehmet Ali; Eken, Ozgur; Ceylan, Halil Ibrahim; Nobari, Hadi; Cerit, MesutCaffeine's use as a performance-enhancing supplement among professional athletes progressively increased after it was taken off the World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) list of banned substances. The present review looks at the interactions caused by different levels of caffeine ergogenicity in athletes and gene polymorphisms that affect caffeine ergogenic effect in the current literature. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the studies available in the literature and the respective study results have evaluated caffeine ergogenicity in athletes and gene polymorphisms. The search for studies was performed through five databases. Individual responses to caffeine consumption may differ from person to person due to multigene and multifactorial interactions. Adenosine A2A receptor (ADORA2A) and Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) are two genes thought to have the most effects on caffeine's ergogenicity. The function of these two genes accounts for most inter-individual variations in studies after caffeine ingestion. Based on the findings, it is understood that the contribution of caffeine use to individual performance development varies over time due to changes in both environmental and epigenetic interactions, as well as parameters such as circadian rhythm, training loads, nutritional routine, habitual caffeine use, drug intake, expectation, time of consumption, and heredity. As a result, individual caffeine responses are highly complex and involve multiple modifiers.Öğe Associations among Maturity, Accumulated Workload, Physiological, and Body Composition Factors in Youth Soccer Players: A Comparison between Playing Positions(Mdpi, 2022) Nobari, Hadi; Eken, Ozgur; Prieto-Gonzalez, Pablo; Brito, Joao Paulo; Oliveira, RafaelSimple Summary Considering the importance of the biological statuses of young soccer players, maturity offset could be essential for better physiological and body composition characterization of young athletes, and consequently, better load adjustment. Moreover, the knowledge about playing position differences and maturity statuses would increase the knowledge available to prescribe the proper intensity in training. Therefore, the present study examined the relationship among maturation variables such as peak height velocity, maturity offset, body composition, sprint ability, heart rate, and maximal oxygen consumption measures with variations in accumulated training loads in elite young soccer players. The main findings revealed that playing position did not influence any body composition measures, but there were differences in sprinting where central midfielders showed higher abilities. In addition, the maturity statuses and maximal oxygen consumptions were not positively associated with accumulated loads across the season. In opposition to previous research, the present study did not confirm the expected results, which suggests that the research could be influenced by the characteristics and environments of the soccer teams. The purposes of this study were: (i) to analyze the correlation between accumulated workload (AW)-based on season periods-with maturity, linear sprints, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximum heart rate, and body composition; and (ii) to compare the playing positions based on the mentioned parameters. Twenty-one elite soccer players under the age of 14 participated in the study. They were divided into five groups based on playing positions. The in-season weekly AW was recorded for 26 weeks into two separated periods of 13 weeks (AW-1 and AW-2). Similarly, the following parameters were assessed: body mass, standing and sitting height, body mass index, body fat percentage, maturity offset, age at peak height velocity (PHV), sprinting ability (10 m and 30 m), and VO2max. The main significant differences between playing positions were found for weight, height, sitting height, and sprinting at 10 m and 30 m. No correlation was observed between AW (based on periods) and maturity or between VO2max and AW-2. AW-1 denoted a large positive correlation with AW-2. AW-1 had a moderate negative correlation with VO2max, whereas PHV and maturity presented a strong negative correlation. Young soccer players' maturity statuses and fitness levels do not imply differences between AW-1 and AW-2. However, the higher the AW in the first half of the season, the higher the AW in the second half. The absence of significant differences between player positions could be associated with the similar training regardless of the playing position. Moreover, soccer positively influences performance in short sprints (10 m), midfielders being the fastest.Öğe Comparison of echocardiographic parameters of amputee football players with active football players and sedentary individuals(Bmc, 2023) Kurtoglu, Ahmet; Kurtoglu, Ertugrul; Konar, Nurettin; Car, Bekir; Eken, Ozgur; Prieto-Gonzalez, Pablo; Nobari, HadiBackgroundThe purpose of this study is to compare the echocardiographic (ECHO) parameters of amputee football players (AF) with those of athletes without a disability (football players) (FP), and sedentary individuals (SI).MethodsA total of 37 male participants (nAF = 12, nFP = 12, nSI = 13) were included in the study. All participants underwent a transthoracic echocardiographic examination. Aortic diameter in systole (ADs), aortic diameter in diastole (ADd), isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), early (E) and late (A) wave velocities, myocardial systolic (S), early diastolic (E'), and late diastolic (A') myocardial rates, interventricular septal thickness (IVS), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVDd) and left ventricular end-systole diameter (LVDs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWd), left atrial diameter (LAD), and ascending aortic diameter (AAD) were measured.ResultsLVDd, E' were lower in AF than in FP. In contrast, LVDs, LVPWd, and A wave were higher in AF than in FP. When AF and SI groups were compared, ADs, LVPWd, A wave, IVRT, and S wave were higher in AF than in SI. ANOVA test showed a statistically significant difference between groups in LVPWd, A-wave, and E' wave. TTE data indicate that some parameters in AF differ from those observed in healthy individuals. The smaller LVEED diameter and higher PWT were found in AF.ConclusionsAlthough within normal limits, some ECHO parameters in the AF group differed from those without disability. Future studies should further investigate these differences using different and detailed measurement methods.Öğe Effect of different specific warm-up protocols and time of day on optimum power performance in kickboxers(2023) Bayer, Ramazan; Nobari, Hadi; Eken, Özgür; Bayrakdaroğlu, Serdar; Koç, Hürmüz; Pardos, Elena Mainer; Yağın, Fatma HilalNumerous variables can affect performance before the competition. Nevertheless, it could be a subject of curiosity to find out whether a warm-up strategy has a more positive effect on the power performance of kickboxers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of different specific warm-up protocols and time of day on optimum power performance in kickboxers. Ten volunteer males performed three different warm-up routines in random order. The warm-up protocols consisted of only 20 min for each group. The groups with low-intensity aerobic running (NSWU) and specific warm-ups (SWU-20m) performed 20-min protocols. The other group followed 10 minutes of jogging and 10 minutes of specific warm-up (SWU-10m). All groups followed the warm-up randomly at two different periods of the day (i.e. morning: 09:00-10:00 and evening: 16:00-17:00) on non-consecutive days. A statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of Mean Propulsion (W) (F=3.518; p2=0.036). There was a statistically significant difference in Mean propulsive Power (W) between NSWU and SWU-10m (p3= 0.0007) in addition there was also a statistically significant difference in SWU-10m and SWU-20m (p3= 0.0106) and, NSWU and SWU-20m (p3= 0.415) protocols. In conclusion, mean propulsion (W) performance showed diurnal variation, and performances of the kickboxers’ can be affected more positively in the evening hours, especially after SWU protocols.Öğe The impact of strategic napping on peak expiratory flow and respiratory function in young elite athletes(Bmc, 2024) Kurtoglu, Ahmet; Eken, Ozgur; Aydin, Engin; Car, Bekir; Nobari, HadiRespiratory health is a critical determinant of athletic performance, and the utilization of restorative strategies, such as strategic napping, may offer a competitive edge to athletes. This study investigates the effects of nap duration on the respiratory function of young elite athletes who have achieved top rankings national competitions. Participants engage in three test sessions with varying nap durations: no nap (N0), a 25-minute nap (N25), and a 45-minute nap (N45), with a minimum 72-hour interval between sessions. Respiratory parameters including Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, Peak Expiratory Flow rate (PEF), Forced Expiratory Flow at 25-75% of FVC (FEF25-75%), and Forced Expiratory Time (FET) are assessed. Results reveal a significant enhancement in PEF values following a 45-minute nap (N45) compared to the no-nap control (N0) [F1 - 11=7.356, p =.004, eta p2 = 0.401, (95% CI for difference: -1.56 to - 0.056)], indicating a potential positive influence of napping on maximum expiratory flow rate and, consequently, athletes' respiratory performance. While no significant changes are observed in other respiratory parameters across different nap durations, these findings underscore the potential benefits of strategic napping in optimizing respiratory health in young elite athletes.Öğe Judo specific fitness test performance variation from morning to evening: specific warm-ups impacts performance and its diurnal amplitude in female judokas(Bmc, 2022) Eken, Ozgur; Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Nobari, HadiBackground A number of specific tests are used to standardize competition performance. Specific Judo fitness test (SJFT) can be applied by considering the start of the competition qualifiers in the morning and the continuation of the final competitions in the evening. The improvement of test performances can be achieved with warm-up for elevating heart rate (HR) and muscle temperature such as raise, activate, mobilise, potentiate (RAMP) protocols. Purpose The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of different warm-up protocols on SJFT at different times of the day in female judokas. Methods Ten volunteer women participated in this study, who regularly participated in judo training for more than 5 years and actively competed in international competitions. Judokas completed SJFT, either after no warm-up, or RAMP protocols like specific warm-up (SWU), and dynamic warm-up for two times a day in the morning: 09:00-10:00 and in the evening: 16:00-17:00, with at least 2 days between test sessions. The following variables were recorded: throws performed during series A, B, and C; the total number of throws; HR immediately and 1 min after the test, and test index after different warm-ups. Results When analyzed evening compared to the morning without discriminating three warm-up protocols, evening results statistically significant number of total throws performed during series A, B, and C, the total number of throws; HR immediately and 1 min after the test, and test index than morning results (p < 0.01). Moreover, RAMP protocols interaction with time have demonstrated an impact on SJFT for index [F-(2) = 4.15, p = 0.024, eta(2)(p): 0.19] and changes after 1 min HR [F-(1.370)= 7.16, p = 0.008, eta(2)(p): 0.29]. HR after 1 min and test index results were statistically significant in favor of SWU (p < 0.05). Conclusions In conclusion, SJFT performance showed diurnal variation and judo performances of the judokas can be affected more positively in the evening hours especially after RAMP protocols.Öğe Motoric performance variation from morning to evening: 80% intensity post-activation potentiation protocol impacts performance and its diurnal amplitude in basketball players(Frontiers Media Sa, 2022) Eken, Ozgur; Mainer-Pardos, Elena; Hilal Yagin, Fatma; Eken, Ismihan; Prieto-Gonzalez, Pablo; Nobari, HadiIntroductionPost-activation potentiation (PAP) can be defined as the acute enhancement in muscle performance after preload stimulation that occurs during strength exercises or warm-up protocols, and the contractile history of any muscle group can directly influence the presented performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of motoric performance tests carried out at two different times of the day using three different PAP protocols. MethodsThirty-two male basketball players with at least 2 years of training experience and who competed at the national level were recruited for this study [age: 21.80 +/- 1.91 years; body height: 178.40 +/- 6.85 cm; body mass: 72.50 +/- 7.16 kg; body mass index (BMI): 22.81 +/- 2.28]. After control and experimental-specific warm-up (SWU) sessions, participants completed a countermovement jump (CMJ) and seated medicine ball throw (SMBT). The SWU protocol was developed based on the athlete's typical warm-up routine. The experimental warm-ups included the same exercises as the SWU, with one set of bench presses for five repetitions at 80% (80% PAP) and one repetition at 100% of 1 RM (100% PAP). Each of the protocols consists of 15 min. The SWU and experimental warm-up sessions were completed in a random, counterbalanced order, completed in a period of 3-weeks. ResultsAccording to the research findings, carrying out the protocols in the evening led to a larger improvement in SMBT than in the morning (F = 35.94, p < 0.001, eta(2)(p) = 0.537). Additionally, the SMBT results were statistically more significant in the group that received 80% PAP compared to the SWU (p = 0.034), and the SMBT results were also higher in the group that received 100% PAP compared to the SWU (p = 0.002). Furthermore, the interaction effect (time x PAP) was statistically significant in SMBT (F = 6.39, p = 0.003, eta(2)(p) = 0.17). DiscussionThese results may provide more particular recommendations than previously thought to basketball coaches for the planning of basketball-specific PAP exercises prior to the start of training programs.Öğe Relationships between training load, peak height velocity, muscle soreness and fatigue status in elite-level young soccer players: a competition season study(Bmc, 2023) Nobari, Hadi; Eken, Ozgur; Kamis, Okan; Oliveira, Rafael; Gonzalez, Pablo Prieto; Aquino, RodrigoBackgroundThis study aimed to compare training load parameters, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue status between season periods (1(st) and 2(nd) halves) in U14 soccer players and to analyze the relationships between training load parameters based on season periods (1(st) and 2(nd) halves) with peak height velocity (PHV), DOMS, and fatigue status in under-14 (U14) young elite soccer players. Additionally, it was intended to analyze if fatigue, DOMS and PHV could explain training load parameters across the season.MethodsTwenty U14 players that competed in the national league participated in this study. The players were monitored during the whole season (26 weeks), and evaluations were carried out at the end of the in-season. Anthropometric and body composition parameters and the maturity offset of each player were utilized to compute each player's age at PHV. Players reported their levels of DOMS and fatigue status using Hooper index questionnaires. The internal load was monitored using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Acute weekly internal load (AW), chronic weekly internal load (CW), acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony (TM), and training strain (TS) were also obtained.ResultsThe main results showed that TM was higher in the 2(nd) half, while CW, AW and DOMS were higher in the 1(st) half of the season. Moreover, the main correlations showed a positive correlation between PHV and TS (2(nd) half of the season) and between fatigue and TM (1(st) half of the season).ConclusionIn conclusion, variations in well-being status and PHV cannot explain the variations in internal training loads in elite U14 soccer players. In addition, internal training load indices during the first half of the competitive season can promote a fundamental base for progression loads during the second period of the competitive season.Öğe Warm up with music and visual feedback can effect Wingate performance in futsal players(Bmc, 2022) Bayrakdaroglu, Serdar; Eken, Oezgur; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Bayer, Ramazan; Gulu, Mehmet; Akyildiz, Zeki; Nobari, HadiPurpose: Visual feedback and music while warm up may help elicit peak performance, but its effect during the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) in futsal players is unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of music and visual stimulus on WAnT performance in futsal players. Methods: The study included 17 young male futsal players (age, 21.53 +/- 1.32 years; height, 177.59 +/- 5.75 cm; 73.71 +/- 9.31 kg; BMI 23.342 +/- .47). The WAnT was administered using three distinct protocols: with music (M), without music (NM), and with music and visual feedback (MV) following a 10-min warm-up at 72-h intervals. After WAnT, the following parameters were evaluated: (a) peak power output: PPO (W), (b) relative peak power output: RPPO (W/kg), (c) mean power output: MPO (W), (d) relative mean power output: RMPO (W/kg), (e) fatigue index: FI (%), and (f) minimum power output MIPO (W). Results: MV indicated that futsal players' WAnT values, including PPO, RPPO, MPO, RMPO, and MIPO improved more than with other protocols (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between protocols for FI (%) WAnT values (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Listening to music and watching visual feedback while warm up before performing WAnT performance suggest to coaches and futsal players.Öğe Which training load indicators are greater correlated with maturation and wellness variables in elite U14 soccer players?(Bmc, 2024) Nobari, Hadi; Eken, Ozgur; Singh, Utkarsh; Gorouhi, Armin; Bordon, Jose Carlos Ponce; Prieto-Gonzalez, Pablo; Kurtoglu, AhmetBackground Monitoring of training load is done to improve physical performance and minimize the incidence of injuries. The study examined the correlation between accumulated training load parameters based on periods with maturity (i.e., maturity offset and peak height velocity -PHV- and wellness variables -e.g., stress and sleep quality-). The second aim was to analyze the multi-linear regression between the above indicators. Methods Twenty elite young U14 soccer players (M=13.260.52 years, 95% CI [13.02, 13.51]) were evaluated over 26 weeks (early, mid, and end-season) to obtain stress, sleep quality, and measures of workload in the season (accumulated acute workload [AW], accumulated chronic workload [CW], accumulated acute: chronic workload ratio [ACWLR], accumulated training monotony [TM], accumulated training strain [TS]). Results The analysis revealed a moderate, statistically significant negative correlation between sleep quality and training monotony (r = -0.461, p<0.05). No significant correlations were observed between other variables (p>0.05). In the multi-linear regression analysis, maturity, PHV, sleep, and stress collectively accounted for variances of 17% in AW, 17.1% in CW, 11% in ACWLR, 21.3% in TM, and 22.6% in TS. However, individual regression coefficients for these predictors were not statistically significant (p>0.05), indicating limited predictive power. Conclusion The study highlights the impact of sleep quality on training monotony, underscoring the importance of managing training load to mitigate the risks of overtraining. The non-significant regression coefficients suggest the complexity of predicting training outcomes based on the assessed variables. These insights emphasize the need for a holistic approach in training load management and athlete wellness monitoring.
