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    Heavy metal pollution in sediments and mussels: assessment by using pollution indices and metallothionein levels
    (Springer, 2016) Okay, Oya S.; Ozmen, Murat; Gungordu, Abbas; Yilmaz, Atilla; Yakan, Sevil D.; Karacik, Burak; Tutak, Bilge
    In the present work, the concentration of eight metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) was determined in the sediments and transplanted and native mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). The study was conducted in Turkish marinas, shipyards, and shipbreaking yards. The effect of metal pollution was evaluated by determining the levels of metallothionein (MT) in the mussels. The extent of contamination for each single metal was assessed by using the geoaccumulation index (I-geo) and enrichment factor (EF). Whereas, to evaluate the overall metal pollution and effect, the pollution load index (PLI), modified contamination degree (mC(d)), potential toxicity response index (RI), mean effects range median (ERM) quotient (m-ERM-Q), and mean PEL quotient (m-PEL-Q) were calculated. The influence of different background values on the calculations was discussed. The results indicated a significant metal pollution caused by Cu, Pb, and Zn especially in shipyard and shipbreaking sites. Higher concentrations of MT were observed in the ship/breaking yard samples after the transplantation.
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    Monitoring of organic pollutants in marine environment by semipermeable membrane devices and mussels: accumulation and biochemical responses
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2017) Okay, Oya S.; Karacik, Burak; Gungordu, Abbas; Yilmaz, Atilla; Koyunbaba, Nazmi C.; Yakan, Sevil D.; Henkelmann, Bernhard
    This study involves the monitoring of organic pollutants using transplanted mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) as bioindicator organisms and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as passive samplers. Mussels and SPMDs were deployed to marinas, shipyards and shipbreaking yards on the coastal area of Turkey and retrieved after 60 days. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and organochlorine pesticide (OCP) compounds were analysed with high-resolution GC-MS. Total PAH concentrations in SPMDs and mussels ranged from 200 to 4740 ng g sampler(-1) and from 7.0 to 1130 ng g(-1) in wet weight (ww). PCB and OCP concentrations in SPMDs changed between 0.04-200 and 4.0-26 ng g sampler(-1), respectively. The highest PCB (190 ng g(-1) ww) and OCP (200 ng g(-1) ww) concentrations in mussels were measured at shipyard stations. A strong correlation was observed between the PAH and PCB concentrations in SPMDs and mussels. Enzyme assays (acetylcholinesterase, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathion reductase and carboxylesterase activities) were performed as biomarkers to reveal the effects of pollution on the mussels. There was no clear relationship found between the enzyme levels and the pollutant concentrations in mussels. Integrated biomarker responses were calculated to interpret the overall effect of pollutants.